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Singhasari, also known as Tumapel, was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as the dominant kingdom in eastern Java. The kingdom's name is cognate to the Singosari district of Malang Regency, located several kilometres north of Malang City.
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Panji Tohjaya was the third king of Singhasari. He was the son of Ken Arok and his first wife, Ken Umang. After his father was killed by his half-brother, Anusapati, he took revenge and assumed his father's throne in 1248. He only ruled for several months before his nephews, Ranggawuni, son of Anusapati, and Mahisha Champaka, son of Mahisa Wonga Teleng, another son of Ken Arok, rebelled, took the throne and reigned together, the first under the name Vishnuvardhana, the second under that of Narasimhamurti.
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Malang, historically known as Tumapel, is an inland city in the Indonesian province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 846,126. The Malang Metropolitan area was home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities and 22 districts. Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri, with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp. 44.30 trillion.
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The Pararaton, also known as the Katuturanira Ken Angrok, is a 16th-century Javanese historical chronicle written in Kawi. The comparatively short text of 32 folio-size pages contains the history of the kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in eastern Java.
Raden Wijaya or Raden Vijaya was a Javanese emperor, and the founder and first monarch of the Majapahit Empire. The history of his founding of Majapahit was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama. His rule was marked by the victory against the army and the Mongol navy of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty.
Sri Maharajadiraja Sri Kertanegara Wikrama Dharmatunggadewa, Kritanagara, or Sivabuddha, was the last and most important ruler of the Singhasari kingdom of Java, reigning from 1268 to 1292. Under his rule Javanese trade and power developed considerably, reaching the far corners of the Indonesian archipelago.
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Rajasa was the ruling dynasty of Singhasari kingdom and later Majapahit empire in 13th to 15th century eastern Java. The rulers of Singhasari and Majapahit trace their origins back to the mysterious figure of Ken Arok or Sri Ranggah Rajasa, who founded the Rajasa dynasty early in the 13th century. According to the Pararaton, Ken Arok was born in the Tumapel region. He was considered as the dynasty founder of both the Singhasari and Majapahit line of monarchs.
Jayakatwang was the king of short-lived second Kingdom of Kediri of Java, after his overthrow of Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari. He was eventually defeated by Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara's son-in-law using the troops of the Mongol Yuan dynasty that were invading Java. Raden Wijaya would later turn against the Mongols and found Majapahit, a great empire centered around Java.
The Battle of Genter, also known as the Battle of Ganter, was a military engagement fought between two rival Javanese rulers in the early 13th century. The battle resulted in one ruler, Ken Arok, defeating his rival and routing their army. The battle cemented Arok's control over Eastern Java, and resulted in the ruler founding the Rajasa dynasty.
Kertajaya or Kritajaya also called Dandhang Gendhis was the last king of the Kediri Kingdom who ruled around 1194–1222. At the end of his reign he declared that he wanted to be worshiped as a god. Kertajaya was killed by Ken Arok from Tumapel or Singhasari, which ended the period of the Kediri Kingdom.
References
- ↑ Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803681.
- ↑ Johns, A. H. (1964). "The Role of Structural Organisation and Myth in Javanese Historiography". The Journal of Asian Studies. 24: 91. doi:10.2307/2050416. JSTOR 2050416.
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