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A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene (monogenic) or multiple genes (polygenic) or by a chromosomal abnormality. Although polygenic disorders are the most common, the term is mostly used when discussing disorders with a single genetic cause, either in a gene or chromosome. The mutation responsible can occur spontaneously before embryonic development, or it can be inherited from two parents who are carriers of a faulty gene or from a parent with the disorder. When the genetic disorder is inherited from one or both parents, it is also classified as a hereditary disease. Some disorders are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and have X-linked inheritance. Very few disorders are inherited on the Y chromosome or mitochondrial DNA.
Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of 13 genetic connective-tissue disorders. Symptoms often include loose joints, joint pain, stretchy velvety skin, and abnormal scar formation. These may be noticed at birth or in early childhood. Complications may include aortic dissection, joint dislocations, scoliosis, chronic pain, or early osteoarthritis. The current classification was last updated in 2017, when a number of rarer forms of EDS were added.
Arthrogryposis (AMC) describes congenital joint contracture in two or more areas of the body. It derives its name from Greek, literally meaning 'curving of joints'.
Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), also known as Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome, is a rare progressive congenital disorder with a highly variable phenotype. The entity was classically defined by the triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, and MDS/AML, but these components do not always occur. DKC is characterized by short telomeres. Some of the manifestations resemble premature ageing and cognitive impairment can be a feature. The disease initially mainly affects the skin, but a major consequence is progressive bone marrow failure which occurs in over 80%, causing early mortality.
Adams–Oliver syndrome (AOS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by defects of the scalp and cranium, transverse defects of the limbs, and mottling of the skin.
Cohen syndrome is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder with varied expression, characterised by obesity, intellectual disability, distinct craniofacial abnormalities and potential ocular dysfunction.
Aplasia is a birth defect where an organ or tissue is wholly or largely absent. It is caused by a defect in a developmental process.
Nezelof syndrome is an autosomal recessive congenital immunodeficiency condition due to underdevelopment of the thymus. The defect is a type of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency with inactive phosphorylase, this results in an accumulation of deoxy-GTP which inhibits ribonucleotide reductase. Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides, thus, DNA replication is inhibited.
SCARF syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by skeletal abnormalities, cutis laxa, craniostenosis, ambiguous genitalia, psychomotor retardation, and facial abnormalities. These characteristics are what make up the acronym SCARF. It shares some features with Lenz-Majewski hyperostotic dwarfism. It is a very rare disease with an incidence rate of approximately one in a million newborns. It has been clinically described in two males who were maternal cousins, as well as a 3-month-old female. Babies affected by this syndrome tend to have very loose skin, giving them an elderly facial appearance. Possible complications include dyspnea, abdominal hernia, heart disorders, joint disorders, and dislocations of multiple joints. It is believed that this disease's inheritance is X-linked recessive.
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita is a rare congenital vascular disorder that usually manifests in affecting the blood vessels of the skin. The condition was first recognised and described in 1922 by Cato van Lohuizen, a Dutch pediatrician whose name was later adopted in the other common name used to describe the condition – Van Lohuizen syndrome. CMTC is also used synonymously with congenital generalized phlebectasia, nevus vascularis reticularis, congenital phlebectasia, livedo telangiectatica, congenital livedo reticularis and Van Lohuizen syndrome.
Senior–Løken syndrome is a congenital eye disorder, first characterized in 1961. It is a rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by juvenile nephronophthis and progressive eye disease.
Aplasia cutis congenita is a rare disorder characterized by congenital absence of skin. Ilona J. Frieden classified ACC in 1986 into 9 groups on the basis of location of the lesions and associated congenital anomalies. The scalp is the most commonly involved area with lesser involvement of trunk and extremities. Frieden classified ACC with fetus papyraceus as type 5. This type presents as truncal ACC with symmetrical absence of skin in stellate or butterfly pattern with or without involvement of proximal limbs. It is the most common congenital cicatricial alopecia, and is a congenital focal absence of epidermis with or without evidence of other layers of the skin.
Bart syndrome, also known as aplasia cutis congenita type VI, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the association of congenital localized absence of skin, mucocutaneous blistering and absent and dystrophic nails.
Jalili syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the combination of cone-rod dystrophy of the retina and amelogenesis imperfecta. It was characterized in 1988 by Dr. I. K. Jalili and Dr. N. J. D. Smith, following the examination of 29 members of an inbred Arab family living within the Gaza Strip.
Focal facial dermal dysplasia is a rare genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by congenital bilateral scar like facial lesions, with or without associated facial anomalies. It is characterized by hairless lesions with fingerprint like puckering of the skin, especially at the temples, due to alternating bands of dermal and epidermal atrophy.
Knobloch syndrome is a rare genetic disorder presenting severe eyesight problems and often a defect in the skull. It was named after the ophthalmologist William Hunter Knobloch (1926–2005), who first described the syndrome in 1971. A usual occurrence is a degeneration of the vitreous humour and the retina, two components of the eye. This breakdown often results in the separation of the retina from the eye, called retinal detachment, which can be recurrent. Extreme myopia (near-sightedness) is a common feature. The limited evidence available from electroretinography suggests that a cone-rod pattern of dysfunction is also a feature.
Aplasia cutis congenita-intestinal lymphangiectasia syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by aplasia cutis congenita, intestinal lymphangiectasia-induced generalized edema, hypoproteinemia, and lymphopenia. It has been described in two Ashkenazi Jewish brothers.
Amaurosis congenita, cone-rod type, with congenital hypertrichosis is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by ocular anomalies and trichomegaly. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Only 2 cases have been described in medical literature.
Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy is a rare genetic disorder characterized by spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, neonatal growth delays, and cone-rod dystrophy-associated progressive vision loss. Only 18 patients from families in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Brazil have been described to date. This condition is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the PCYT1A gene, located in chromosome 3.
References
- ↑ RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Aplasia cutis myopia syndrome". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Entry - 601075 - APLASIA CUTIS CONGENITA, HIGH MYOPIA, AND CONE-ROD DYSFUNCTION - OMIM". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
- ↑ Leung, R. S.; Beer, W. E.; Mehta, H. K. (May 1998). "Aplasia cutis congenita presenting as a familial triad of atrophic alopecia, ocular defects and a peculiar scarring tendency of the skin". The British Journal of Dermatology. 118 (5): 715–720. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb02577.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 3395567. S2CID 43716280.
- ↑ Gershoni-Baruch, R.; Leibo, R. (1996-01-02). "Aplasia cutis congenita, high myopia, and cone-rod dysfunction in two sibs: a new autosomal recessive disorder". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 61 (1): 42–44. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960102)61:1<42::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-Z. ISSN 0148-7299. PMID 8741916.
- ↑ "Aplasia cutis myopia - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
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