Arad Chapter

Last updated April 10, 2021

The Arad Chapter was a collegiate chapter, established in the 12th century, in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. The chapter was under the direct jurisdiction of the archbishop of Esztergom. It held landed property in at least seven counties. From the 1220s, the chapter was a place of authentication.

History

Establishment

Modern historians agree that Béla the Blind, King of Hungary, established the collegiate chapter between 1131 and 1141.^[1] Although the earliest extant document that refers to the Arad Chapter –the so-called Register of Arad –was issued in 1177, a royal diploma from 1399 referred to a charter of grant which was issued in favor of the chapter during the reign of King Béla.^[1]^[2] According to a scholarly theory, King Béla II set up the chapter in token of his repentance for the massacre of 68 lords at an assembly in Arad in 1131.^[1]^[3] Historian István Bóna writes that the king granted the murdered lords' estates to the new chapter.^[3] The chapter was dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours.^[3]

Modern scholars identified the large (50-meter-long) medieval church, the ruins of which were found at Glogovác (now Vladimirescu in Romania), as the seat of the Arad Chapter.^[4] The first church must have been completed before 1172, because a cemetery developed around it during the reign of Stephen III of Hungary.^[5] That church was rebuilt and a new church (the ruins of which were unearthed) was consecrated in 1224.^[5]

Heyday

For the Arad Chapter was founded by a king, the monarchs exercised the right of patronage over it and it was also exempt of the jurisdiction of the bishops of Csanád.^[6] The chapter was composed of at least 12 canons, including the provost who was its head.^[7] Pope Honorius III attempted to expand the authority of the Holy See through appointing his own candidate, Johannes Caputius, provost in 1225, but Caputius was forced to abdicate in favor of the monarch's candidate, Albert.^[8] The chapter became a place of authentication with jurisdiction in Arad, Csanád and Zaránd counties, in 1229.^[6] Ordeals by fire were also completed before the members of the chapter thereafter.^[6]

Pope Gregory IX excommunicated Provost Albert in 1235 because Albert refused to acknowledge the authority of the archbishop of Esztergom.^[8] However, Provost Albert only yielded to Archbishop Stephen Báncsa in 1246, promising that he would attend at the synods convoked by the archbishop.^[8]

Properties

One hermit Andrew granted landed property to the Arad Chapter in Besen, Karád and Rád villages in Somogy County during the reign of Béla the Blind.^[9] The Arad Chapter held estates in seven counties in 1177, according to the Register of Arad which was issued upon the orders of Béla III of Hungary.^[5] Arad Castle was also the chapter's property and one third of the tolls of the ferry at Esteuerd on the Maros was due to the chapter.^[10] During the 13th century, the Arad Chapter acquired new estates in Bihar, Baranya and Arad counties.^[6] For instance, in 1223, one Gregory, son of Calad, who had stolen the chapter's 150 sheep, not only returned them, but also mortgaged his estate named Chereuy to secure his compensation for the damages that he had done.^[6]

List of provosts

Term	Incumbent	Notes	Source
till 1224	Gottfried		^[8]
1224 –1225	Stephen	also chancellor; he became bishop of Zagreb	^[8]
1225 –	Johannes Caputius	he was appointed by Pope Honorius III, but he renounced in favor of the king's candidate	^[8]
	Albert	supported by the king, he was made provost after his predecessor's abdication	^[8]

1371 –	Nicholas Garázda		^[8]

c. 1388 –c. 1392	John		^[7]
c. 1395 –c. 1400	Ladislaus		^[7]
c. 1409 –c. 1412	Peter		^[7]
c. 1413 –c. 1421	Ottobonis de Bellonis de Valencia, UJD	he was a papal notary	^[7]
c. 1427	James		^[7]
c. 1446	Paul Emődi		^[7]

Related Research Articles

Bihar was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary and a county of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Principality of Transylvania. Most of its territory is now part of Romania, while a smaller western part belongs to Hungary. The capital of the county was Nagyvárad.

Arad County was an administrative unit in the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the Principality of Transylvania. The county was established along the Maros (Mureș) river in the 11th or the 12th century, but its first head, or ispán, was only mentioned in 1214. Its territory is now part of Romania, except a small area which is part of Hungary. The capital of the county was Arad.

Menumorut or Menumorout was the ruler of the lands between the rivers Mureș, Someș and Tisza at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 900, according to the Gesta Hungarorum, a Hungarian chronicle written after 1150 by an unidentified author, referred to as Anonymus. Historians debate whether Menumorut was an actual ruler or a fictional character created by the author, since the Gesta tells of multiple figures, including Menumorut, who are not identified in any other primary sources, and does not name any of the enemies of the invading Hungarians written of in other contemporary accounts of the invasion. According to Anonymus, Menumorut's duchy was populated primarily with Khazars and Székelys, and he acknowledged the suzerainty of the (unnamed) ruling Byzantine Emperor at the time.

Ajtony, Ahtum or Achtum was an early-11th-century ruler in the territory now known as Banat in present Romania and Serbia. His primary source is the Long Life of Saint Gerard, a 14th-century hagiography. Ajtony was a powerful ruler who owned many horses, cattle and sheep and was baptised according to the Orthodox rite in Vidin. He taxed salt which was transferred to King Stephen I of Hungary on the Mureș River. The king sent Csanád, Ajtony's former commander-in-chief, against him at the head of a large army. Csanád defeated and killed Ajtony, occupying his realm. In the territory, at least one county and a Roman Catholic diocese were established.

The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom is a modern term coined by historians to designate the realm of John Zápolya and his son John Sigismund Zápolya, who contested the claims of the House of Habsburg to rule the Kingdom of Hungary from 1526 to 1570. The Zápolyas ruled over an eastern part of Hungary, and the Habsburg kings ruled the west. The Habsburgs tried several times to unite all Hungary under their rule, but the Ottoman Empire prevented that by supporting the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kalocsa–Kecskemét is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary. The diocese is the metropolitan of the Diocese of Pécs and the Diocese of Szeged–Csanád. Its patron saint is Saint Paul. The current archbishop is Balázs Bábel, who was appointed in 1999.

The Hodoș-Bodrog Monastery is one of the oldest monastic institutions in Romania. It was originally a Roman Catholic (Benedictine) monastery, built before 1177 and destroyed before 1293. The present monastery, which belongs to the Romanian Orthodox Church, was built near the ruins of the first monastery in the late 14th or early 15th century.

Anonymus Bele regis notarius or Master P. was the notary and chronicler of a Hungarian king, probably Béla III. Little is known about him, but his latinized name began with P, as he referred to himself as "P. dictus magister".

The Middle Ages in the Banat started around 900. Around that time, Duke Glad ruled Banat, according to the Gesta Hungarorum. Archaeological finds and 10th-century sources evidence that Magyars settled in the lowlands in the early 10th century, but the survival of Avar, Slav and Bulgar communities can also be documented. A local chieftain, Ajtony, converted to Eastern Orthodoxy around 1000, but his attempts to control the delivery of salt on the Mureș River brought him into conflict with Stephen I of Hungary. Ajtony died fighting against the royal army in the first decades of the 11th century. His realm was transformed into a county of the Kingdom of Hungary. Counties were the most prominent units of royal administration.

Kalán from the kindred Bár-Kalán was a prelate and royal official in the Kingdom of Hungary at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. He was bishop of Pécs from 1186 until his death in 1218, and ban of Croatia and Dalmatia between 1193 and 1194, thus he was the first prelate in the kingdom to parallelly held a secular office. Kalán's relationship with the monarch was tense in the reign of King Emeric who accused the bishop of incest but could never prove it. Although a part of the canons of Esztergom elected Kalán as archbishop in 1204, his election was not confirmed by the Holy See. Kalán died when planning to go on a crusade to the Holy Land.

Job from the kindred Záh was a Roman Catholic prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 13th century. He was provost of the collegiate chapter of Székesfehérvár and vice-chancellor between 1251 and 1252, and bishop of Pécs from 1252 until his death in 1280 or 1281. He was involved in lasting conflict with the canons of his see, with the archbishops of Esztergom and with other prelates. Bishop Job was a partisan of the "junior king" Stephen V in the latter's conflict with the "senior king" Béla IV. Accordingly, Job reached the zenith of his influence in the period starting with the death of Béla IV, when he also held temporal offices in addition to his bishopric.

Otto (Atha) from the kindred Győr was a Hungarian noble, who served as palatine in 1066, during the reign of Solomon, King of Hungary. He was the ancestor of the gens Győr, which flourished until the 17th century.

The Dömös Chapter was a collegiate chapter, established around 1107, in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was dedicated to Saint Margaret of Antioch.

The Titel Chapter was a collegiate chapter, established in the late 11th century, in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was dedicated to the Holy Wisdom.

The Kolozsmonostor Abbey was a Benedictine Christian monastery at Kolozsmonostor in Transylvania in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. According to modern scholars' consensus, the monastery was established by Ladislaus I of Hungary before 1095.

Benedict was a Hungarian prelate in the second half of the 13th century, who served as Archbishop-elect of Esztergom from 1274 until his death. Previously, he held various posts in the royal chancellery.

Csanád Telegdi was a Hungarian prelate in the first half of the 14th century. He served as Bishop of Eger from 1322 to 1330, then Archbishop of Esztergom from 1330 until his death. Descending from an old Hungarian kindred, he was a confidant of the ruling Capetian House of Anjou. He crowned Louis I of Hungary in July 1342. The complete renovation of the Esztergom Cathedral took place during his archiepiscopate.

References

1 2 3 Kiss 2013, p. 73.
↑ Borsa 1994, p. 54.
1 2 3 Bóna 1994, p. 142.
↑ Györffy 1987, p. 164.
1 2 3 Bóna 1994, p. 143.
1 2 3 4 5 Györffy 1987, p. 172.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C. Tóth 2013, p. 74.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kiss 2013, p. 74.
↑ Györffy 1987, p. 171.
↑ Györffy 1987, pp. 172, 182.

Sources

Bóna, István (1994). "The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 109–177. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
Borsa, Iván (1994). "aradi összeírás [The Register of Arad]". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 54. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
C. Tóth, Norbert (2013). A székes- és társaskáptalanok prépostjainak archontológiája, 1387-1437 [Archontology of the Cathedral and Collegiate Chapters] (in Hungarian). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Támogatott Kutatócsoport Iroda. ISBN 978-963-08-7392-5.
Györffy, György (1987). Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza, I: Abaújvár, Arad, Árva, Bács, Baranya, Bars, Békés, Bereg, Beszterce, Bihar, Bodrog, Borsod, Brassó, Csanád és Csongrád megye [Historical Geography of Hungary of the Árpáds, Volume I: The Counties of Abaújvár, Arad, Árva, Bács, Baranya, Bars, Békés, Bereg, Beszterce, Bihar, Bodrog, Borsod, Brassó, Csanád and Csongrád] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-4200-5.
Kiss, Gergely (2013). Királyi egyházak a középkori Magyarországon [Royal Churches in Medieval Hungary] (in Hungarian). Pécsi Történettudományért Kulturális Egyesület. ISBN 978-963-642-442-8.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[FOOTNOTEKiss201373-1] 1 2 3 Kiss 2013, p. 73.

[FOOTNOTEBorsa199454-2] Borsa 1994, p. 54.

[FOOTNOTEBóna1994142-3] 1 2 3 Bóna 1994, p. 142.

[FOOTNOTEGyörffy1987164-4] Györffy 1987, p. 164.

[FOOTNOTEBóna1994143-5] 1 2 3 Bóna 1994, p. 143.

[FOOTNOTEGyörffy1987172-6] 1 2 3 4 5 Györffy 1987, p. 172.

[FOOTNOTEC._Tóth201374-7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C. Tóth 2013, p. 74.

[FOOTNOTEKiss201374-8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kiss 2013, p. 74.

[FOOTNOTEGyörffy1987171-9] Györffy 1987, p. 171.

[FOOTNOTEGyörffy1987172,_182-10] Györffy 1987, pp. 172, 182.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]