Arcadius Rudolph Lang Gurland (1 September 1904, Moscow - 27 March, 1979, Darmstadt) was a German political scientist of Russian origin. [1] Born in Moscow in 1904, he lived through the Russian Revolution as a teenager, developing political sympathies with the Mensheviks. He travelled into exile with his parents, settling in Germany where he completed his schooling at the Goethe-Gymnasium in Berlin-Wilmersdorf. He joined the Sozialistische Proletarierjugend, a youth movement close to the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD). [1] This party was formed by the left-wing of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, when it broke with Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany over their support for German participation in the First World War.
Gurland worked for the Institute for Social Research (IfSR) in New York from 1940 to 1945. By this time he had come to focus his work on the economics of the Nazi state. [2] : 191 In 1943 he worked with two colleagues from the IfSR, Franz Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer for a special United States congressional committee established in 1940 to Study Problems of American Small Business. [3]
Max Horkheimer was a German philosopher and sociologist who was famous for his work in critical theory as a member of the Frankfurt School of social research. Horkheimer addressed authoritarianism, militarism, economic disruption, environmental crisis, and the poverty of mass culture using the philosophy of history as a framework. This became the foundation of critical theory. His most important works include Eclipse of Reason (1947), Between Philosophy and Social Science (1930–1938) and, in collaboration with Theodor Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947). Through the Frankfurt School, Horkheimer planned, supported and made other significant works possible.
Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht was a German communist politician. Ulbricht played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later in the early development and establishment of the German Democratic Republic. As the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1950 to 1971, he was the chief decision-maker in East Germany. From President Wilhelm Pieck's death in 1960 on, he was also the East German head of state until his own death in 1973. As the leader of a significant Communist satellite, Ulbricht had a degree of bargaining power with the Kremlin that he used effectively. For example, he demanded the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 when the Kremlin was reluctant.
Dr. Hermann Louis Brill was a German resistance fighter, doctor of law and politician (SPD).
Otto Emil Franz Grotewohl was a German politician who served as the first prime minister of the German Democratic Republic from its foundation in October 1949 until his death in September 1964.
The U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship is a standing committee of the United States Senate. It has jurisdiction over the Small Business Administration and is also charged with researching and investigating all problems of American small business enterprises.
Otto Yulyevich Shmidt, better known as Otto Schmidt, was a Soviet scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, and academician.
Karl Heinrich Otto Rühle was a German Marxist active in opposition to both the First and Second World Wars as well as a council communist theorist.
Franz Leopold Neumann was a German political activist, Western Marxist theorist and labor lawyer, who became a political scientist in exile and is best known for his theoretical analyses of Nazism. He studied in Germany and the United Kingdom, and spent the last phase of his career in the United States, where he worked for the Office of Strategic Services from 1943 to 1945. During the Second World War, Neumann spied for the Soviet Union under the code-name "Ruff". Together with Ernst Fraenkel and Arnold Bergstraesser, Neumann is considered to be among the founders of modern political science in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Paul Wilhelm Massing was a German sociologist.
Richard Löwenthal was a German journalist and professor who wrote mostly on the problems of democracy, communism, and world politics.
Bertram Myron Gross was an American social scientist, federal bureaucrat and Professor of Political Science at Hunter College (CUNY). He is known from his book Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America from 1980, and as primary author of the Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act.
The Otto Suhr Institute for Political Science is a prestigious research institute of the Free University of Berlin. It is the leading academic institution for political science in Germany, and one of the most highly rated in the world. It is named after Otto Suhr, a former mayor of Berlin and is the successor of the German Academy for Politics.
Otto Kirchheimer was a German jurist of Jewish ancestry and political scientist of the Frankfurt School whose work essentially covered the state and its constitution.
Kurt Vieweg was one of the leading agricultural politicians in the early years of the GDR. He was at various times Secretary General of the VdgB, deputy in the parliament and a member of the Central Committee of the SED.
Herbert Marcuse was a German–American philosopher, social critic, and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. Born in Berlin, Marcuse studied at Berlin's Friedrich Wilhelm University and then at Freiburg, where he received his Ph.D. He was a prominent figure in the Frankfurt-based Institute for Social Research, which later became known as the Frankfurt School. In his written works, he criticized capitalism, modern technology, Soviet Communism, and popular culture, arguing that they represent new forms of social control.
Hilde Neumann was a German lawyer.
Ulla Plener is a German historian.
Alexander Schwab was a German political activist. He withdrew from active participation in politics after resigning from the fractious and short-lived Communist Workers' Party in 1922, but continued his contribution as an independent left of centre commentator-journalist. During the twelve Nazi years he was arrested at least twice, spending the final years of his life, between 1936 and 1943, in a succession of jails. Sources may also identify him by the pseudonym under which some of his contributions were published, as Albert Sigrist Sachs.
Heinz Eichler was a German politician who served as the Secretary of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic commonly known as East Germany.
Secret Reports on Nazi Germany: The Frankfurt School Contribution to the War Effort is a book composed of the original Office of Strategic Services reports on Nazi Germany prepared primarily by Franz Neumann, Herbert Marcuse, and Otto Kirchheimer, who had all been part of the original Frankfurt School of critical theory.