The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Palermo (Latin: Archidioecesis Panormitana) is a Latindiocese of the Catholic Church. It was founded, according to a dubious hagiographical tale, in the first century, though evidence suggests that it was a fifth century creation.[1] The diocese was raised to the status of archdiocese in the 11th century.[2][3] The archbishop is Corrado Lorefice.
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Palermo is just south of a major active seismic zone, and is subject to frequent earthquakes and occasional inundations (tsunamis).[4] The events of 1693, 1726 and 1823 were particularly destructive.[5]
In the 8th century, a monk produced a tale called "The Life of St. Philip of Agyrium," claiming Philip as the first Christianizer of Palermo. He is said to have lived in the reign of the Emperor Arcadius (395–408). Rescued from a shipwreck by an apparition of St. Peter the Apostle, he went to Rome, was ordained a priest by the pope, and sent to Sicily to exorcise the demon of Mount Etna. In another "Life of St. Philip", revised after the Norman conquest of Sicily, Philip is made to live in the time of Nero (54–68), to be consecrated by Saint Peter personally, and to be sent to Sicily as the first bishop of Palermo.[6]
Pope Gregory I personally founded six monasteries in Sicily, including the monastery of S. Hermes at Palermo, according to Ugo Benigni.[7] He also founded the monastery of S. Hadrian and the Praetoritanum.[8] In the confusion following the death of Bishop Victor, in November 602 Pope Gregory appointed Bishop Barbarus of Carini as apostolic visitor of the diocese of Palermo. Carini may have been one of Palermo's suffragans.[9]
In 718 the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (718–741) suppressed a revolt in Sicily, and then detached southern Italy and Sicily from the metropolitan jurisdiction of the pope in Rome. In the ninth century, the patriarch of Constantinople raised the See of Palermo to the rank of metropolitan of all of Sicily. A protest against these actions was entered by Pope Nicholas I (858–867),[10] in a letter of 25 September 860 to the Emperor Michael III.[11]
Arab control over Palermo and its church
Arab invasions of Sicily had begun at the beginning of the eighth century with the capture of the island of Cossura (modern Pantelleria). Raids were launched in 730–731, 734–735, 740 and 752–753.[12] Palermo was temporarily captured in 820, but the Arabs were driven out by pirates. The serious conquest of the island began in 827, from the Tunisian port of Susa, led by Asad Ibn Al-Furàt. Palermo fell in 831,[13] Messina in 843, Leontini in 847, and Syracuse in 878. Taormina was captured in 902, completing the conquest of the entire island.[14] From then until 1061, when the Norman conquests began, Sicily was an Arab land.[15]
Ugo Benigni states,[16] "Concerning the state of the Sicilian Church during the Saracen domination we have no information: not the name of a single bishop is known."
After the famine of 940, the Arabs deliberately drove Christians out of the western part of the island.[17]
Norman control over the church of Palermo
On 10 January 1072, following negotiations and the surrender of the Muslims of Palermo, the brothers Robert Guiscard and Roger de Hauteville entered the city of Palermo in triumph. They immediately ordered the cathedral of the Greek Christian community to be reconsecrated,[18] and attended a Mass of thanksgiving.[19] In 1077, the city of Trapani fell to the Normans.[20]
On 16 April 1083, Pope Gregory VII wrote a letter to Archbishop Alcherius of Palermo, confirming his diocese's possessions and privileges ("quidquid dignitatis antiquitus tenuisse probatur")[21], including all his suffragan dioceses, or, if any of them has been destroyed, whatever is established in their place.[22]
Bishop Peter of Squillace was appointed archbishop of Palermo in the winter of 1123. He attended the Lateran Council of Pope Calixtus II in March 1123.[23]
On Christmas Day, 1130, Count Roger II was crowned King of Sicily in the Cathedral in Palermo. It is uncertain who crowned the king. One source names Count Roger of Capua, another Archbishop Peter of Palermo.[24] The cathedral was rebuilt by Archbishop Walter between 1170 and 1190.[25]
The Archdiocese of Palermo was united with the Archdiocese of Monreale on 7 July 1775.[26] The union was dissolved on 12 March 1802.[27] Monreale lost its metropolitan status in 2000, however, and it is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Palermo.
The Cathedral of Palermo is dedicated to the Bodily Assumption of the Virgin Mary into Heaven. The Chapter of the cathedral had three dignities in 1677, and two dignities in 1775. In 1211 there were eighteen canons, but the number grew to twenty-four in 1431, when Pope Eugenius IV ordered their reduction to eighteen again. In 1523 the Emperor Charles V added six more canons, bringing the number back up to twenty-four.[28] There were again twenty-four canons in 1677 and twenty-six canons in 1775.[29] The chapter had the right to elect the archbishop.[30]
Reorganization of Sicilian ecclesiastical structure
Map of the ecclesiastical province of Palermo.
In 2000, after extensive consultation with the Italian Episcopal Conference and the Congregation of Bishops, Pope John Paul II ordered a reorganization of the dioceses in Sicily. In the Apostolic Constitution "Ad maiori consulendum" of 2 December 2000. The metropolitan status of the archdiocese of Monreale was suppressed, and it was declared a suffragan of the archdiocese of Palermo. The diocese of Cefalù was transferred from the ecclesiastical provincw of Messina to that of Palermo.[31]
The archdiocese has the following suffragans in the ecclesiastical Province of Palermo:
↑ Lanzoni, p. 645. Tommaso de Angelo, Dissertatio de episcopis ab apostolis in Sicilia institutis (Messina 1730).
↑ Ugo Benigni, "Sicily," The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.13. New York: Encyclopedia Press. 1913. p.774.. Benigni attributes this interest to the numbers of bishops and monks who emigrated from Africa as a result of the hostile policy of the Arian Vandals against the Orthodox Christians.
↑ Dummett, p. 36. Falco of Benevento, 108 [J. P. Migne (editor) Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus 173 (Paris 1854), p. 1204], says that Cardinal Comes crowned Roger King, and that Count Robert placed the crown on the King's head. Falco's narrative is disputed by Hubert Houben (2002). Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West. Cambridge University Press. pp.55–57, esp. p. 56 note 48. ISBN978-0-521-65573-6.
↑ Pirro, p. 137, 171, 188. The canons created by Charles V were always nominated by the King of Spain and installed by the archbishop. The archbishop nominated the others. Pirro, pp. 289-290.
↑ Statistics of 1677: Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 305, note 1; Statistics of 1775: Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, note 1.
↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis Vol. 93 (Città del Vaticano 2001), pp. 128-129: "Praeterea ecclesiastica Provincia Panormitana constabit ex metropolitana Ecclesia Panormitana atque ex suffraganeis Ecclesiis Cephaludensi, Mazariensi, Drepanensi et Montis Regalis, usque nunc metropolitana, quae prorsus archiepiscopalem dignitatem retinebit."
↑ A bull of Pope Leo I, dated 21 October 447, notes that a recently consecrated bishop was alienating church property, according to complaints from his clergy: etiam Panormitani clerici, quibus nuper est ordinatus antistes simile querimonium, in sancta synodo, cui praesidebamus, de usurpatione prioris episcopi causam detulerunt. P. Jaffé, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum I, editio altera (Leipzig 1884), p. 61, no. 415. Lanzoni, p. 649. Kehr, p. 224, no. 1.
↑ Gratianus episcopus Panormi: J.-D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus VI (Florence: A. Zatta 1761), p. 1086. Cappelletti, p. 528. Gams, p. 951. Lanzoni, p. 649.
↑ Agatho's name appears in Pope Gregory I's Dialogues IV. 57. Lanzoni, II, p. 649, no. 4.
↑ Victor is the recipient of several letters of Pope Gregory I (590–604), who always calls him "bishop", not "archbishop." Lanzoni, p. 649, no. 5. Kehr, p. 224-225, no. 2.
↑ Gregory I granted Bishop Ioannes the use of the pallium in a letter of July 603. Lanzoni, p. 650, no. 6.. Kehr, pp. 227-228, nos. 14-18.
↑ Bishop Felix participated in the Lateran synod of Pope Martin 1 in 649. Mansi, Tomus X (Florence 1764), p. 867. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951. Kehr, p. 221.
↑ Kehr, p. 221: "Adnotamus quoque hanc sedem in notitiis episcopatuum graecis inveniri inter provinciae Siciliae suffraganeos (edd. Parthey Hieroclis Synecdemus p. 76 n. 584. 129 n. 715. 171 n. 250. 186 n. 159 et saepius; Gelzer in Abhandlungen der k. bayer.Akad.der Wissenschaften, philos.-philol. Classe XXI [1901] 554 n. 271).
↑ The Greek Bishop Theodorus, a suffragan of the patriarch of Constantinople, in the ecclesiastical province of Syracuse, took part in the II Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. Mansi, Tomus XIII (Florence 1767), p. 383. Kehr, p. 221.
↑ Both anonymous archbishops are mentioned in a letter of Pope Paschal I of 819 addressed to the latter. Pirro, I, pp. 39-40. Pirro argues strenuously against critics, pp. 40-42, that the letter is genuine. Cappelletti, p. 529.
↑ "Saracen Invasions: Sede Vacante": Gams, p. 951.
↑ Pope Leo IX brought Humbert from Lotharingia to evangelize Sicily, and ordained him Archbishop of Palermo. Pirro, pp. 51-53. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951. He is not the same Humbert that Leo IX brought from France to make Abbot of Subiaco in 1052: Cesare Baronio (1869). Annales ecclesiastici denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner... (in Latin). Vol.Tomus septimus decimus (17). Barri-Ducis: Ludovicus Guerin. p.56.
↑ Pirro, pp. 53-69. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951. A Greek rite bishop held a service in the cathedral of Palermo, welcoming Count Roger d'Hauteville after the Norman seizure of the city. Kehr, p. 221. Nicodemus is addressed as archbishop by Pope Alexander II in 1072 or 1073: Kehr, p. 228, no. 19.
↑ Alcherius: Pirro, pp. 69-80. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951.
↑ Gualterius was a Norman. He was accused of simony, and ordered by Pope Paschal II on 1 January 1111 to stand trial. Pirro, pp. 80-81. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951. Kehr, pp. 229-230, no. 22.
↑ Ugo: Pirro, pp. 88-102. Cappelletti, p. 530. Gams, p. 951.
↑ Stephanus: Pirro, pp. 102-103. Cappelletti, p. 530. Gams, p. 951.
↑ Gualterius Ophamil: Pirro, pp. 103-113. Cappelletti, p. 530. Gams, p. 951.
↑ Bartolommeo was the brother of Walterius Ophamil and Bishop of Agrigento. He spent three years in Constantinople as ambassador of King William II of Sicily. He was Chancellor of Sicily for William III. Pirro, pp. 113-122. Cappelletti, p. 530. Gams, p. 951
↑ Pope Innocent III notified the Chapter of the Cathedral of Palermo that they should proceed to elect another Archbishop, since the Bishop-elect Parisius had been deposed. Eubel, I, p. 388, with note 2.
↑ Berardus was already Bishop of Bari, and was transferred to Palermo by the Pope. He died on 8 September 1252. Eubel, I, p. 388.
↑ Guilelmus had been Bishop of Olenenus, a suffragan of Patras (Greece). Eubel, I, p. 388, with note 3.
↑ Gams, p. 952, notes that he was killed in the Sicilian Vespers.
↑ In 1384 Nicolaus was compelled by the citizens of Palermo, led by Count Manfred of Clermont, to pay an annual tribute. Nicolaus instituted an annual observance on 15 August, delli Cilii Panormitani. This so annoyed the Clarimontani that they drove him from his See and forced his resignation. They then managed the election of one of their own partisans, one of the Cathedral Canons, Ludovico Bonito, the son of the nobleman Antonio Bonito. Pirro, p. 163. Eubel, I, p. 388.
↑ Pirro, p. 163, states that Ludovicus was elected in 1385; in any case he was sent the pallium by Urban VI. He was expelled from his See in 1392 and ended up in Rome. Ludovicus was transferred to the titular diocese of Antivari in Epirus in 1395 by Boniface IX (Roman Obedience). On 22 May 1396 he was named titular Archbishop of Thessalonica (Greece), and then, on 5 September 1399, Bishop of Bergamo. He was promoted to the Archdiocese of Pisa on 15 November 1400, and finally to Taranto on 29 July 1407. He was promoted to the Cardinalate by Gregory XII in 1408, but removed from his diocese after Gregory's fall. He died on 18 September 1413. Pirro, pp. 163-167. Gams, p. 952. Eubel, I, pp. 31, 388, 396, 400, 473.
↑ Gilfortus was deprived of his diocese by King Martin I of Sicily. He died in 1398, according to Eubel. Pirro, pp. 167-168. Gams, p. 952. Eubel, I, p. 388.
↑ Franciscus, Bishop of Mazzara, was elected to succeed Gilfortus in 1398, but King Martin did not approve. Pirro, p. 168.
↑ Ubertino was a Doctor in utroque iure, and a judge of the Royal Curia. (Civil and Canon Law). He was nominated by King Martin of Aragon, on 3 May 1409, but was resisted by the Chapter and people of Palermo. In 1411 Queen Bianca attempted to coerce the Canons, but they put her off, waiting until King Martin returned from Aragon. Ubertino was approved by the Pope on 20 June 1414, and was consecrated by John XXIII (1410–1415). He made his formal entry into Palermo on 21 October 1414. He wrote his Testament on 21 December 1433. His tombstone states that he died in 1434. Pirro, pp. 170–171, no. XXXIII. Eubel, I, p. 388.
↑ Nicolas was born in Catania, and was a Canon of the cathedral. He studied law in Bologna. He was a teacher of Canon Law in Siena, Parma, and Bologna. He was brought to Rome and made Auditor of the Rota under Martin V, and Apostolic Referendary under Eugenius IV. Alessandro Casano (1849). Del Sotterraneo della chiesa cattedrale di Palermo (in Italian). Palermo: Solli. pp.42–43. He participated in the Council of Basel as a vigorous and vociferous defender of Eugenius IV and the Papacy against the Conciliarists. Mandell Creighton (1882). A History of the Papacy. Vol.II: The Council of Basel – the papal restoration, 1418–1464. London: Longmans. pp.201–206.
↑ Orsini was transferred to Taranto on 30 July 1445 while still Archbishop-elect of Palermo. Eubel, II, pp. 211, 246.
↑ Simone Beccatelli was a member of a Sicilian noble family which had emigrated from Bologna. He was trained in Canon Law. His memorial inscription lauds him as Iuris pontificii non indoctus interpres ('a learned interpreter of Canon Law'. 'non indoctus' might suggest he held a doctorate). Beccatelli was nominated, at the age of 28, by King Alfonso, and approved by Pope Eugenius IV. He was consecrated in January 1446. He was rebuked by Pope Nicholas V on 24 March 1446 for attempting to assert his metropolitan authority over the Church of Agrigento, which was directly subject to the Holy See without a metropolitan intervening. In the decade 1450–1460 he was six times a delegate to the King of Aragon in the matter of the revision of the Sicilian law code. Simon died in the episcopal palace in Palermo on 8 January 1465. Pirro, pp. 174-178. Gams, p. 952. Eubel, II, p. 211.
↑ Pujades was a native of Mari (diocese of Barcelona), and a nephew of Guglielmo Puxades, Viceroy of Sicily. He had been Archdeacon of S. Maria de Man in Barcelona. He was consecrated by Pope Paul II. Pirro, p. 138, no. XXXVI. Eubel, II, p. 211.
↑ Visconti, a master of theology, had been the confessor of Pope Nicholas V and Pope Paul II. He was Provincial of the Sicilian Province of his Order in 1444, of the Roman Province in 1451, and again of the Sicilian Province in 1461. He rose to be Vicar General of Italy, and then Procurator General at the Roman Curia. He was appointed Bishop of Mazzara (a suffragan of Palermo) on 16 November 1467. Pirro, pp. 179–180, no. XXXIX. Eubel, II, pp. 188, 211.
↑ A native of Lerida in Catalonia, Remolins studied law at the University of Pisa, and became secretary of King Ferdinand of Aragon. He was named Governor of Rome in 1501. He was bishop of Fermo (1504–1518), and Archbishop of Sorrento (1501–1512). He was created a cardinal by Pope Alexander VI on 31 May 1503, and named Cardinal Priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo. He was Viceroy of Naples from 1511 to 1513. He was nominated Archbishop of Palermo by King Philip III, and approved by Pope Leo X on 23 January 1512. He attended the sessions of the V Lateran Council (1512–1517). Occupied with business in Rome, Remolins ruled Palermo through vicars. He died in Rome on 5 February 1518. Pirro, pp. 185-187. Lorenzo Cardella (1793). Memorie storiche de'cardinali della santa Romana chiesa (in Italian). Vol.Tomo terzo. Roma: Pagliarini. pp.294–296. Eubel, II, p. 25, no. 36; III, p. 8, no. 38; p. 268.
↑ Cajetan was named a cardinal by Pope Leo X on 1 July 1517, and assigned the titular church of S. Sisto. He was appointed to Palermo on 8 February 1518 by Leo X, who claimed the right because Cardinal Remolins had died in the Roman Curia. According to Pirro, however, De Vio was rejected by the Royal Council of Sicily because he had not been appointed by the King, who held the right of nomination. De Vio never took possession of the diocese, and he resigned on 19 December 1519. He died in Rome on 10 August 1534. Pirro, pp. 187-188. Gams, p. 952. Eubel, III, p. 16, no. 27; p. 268-269.
↑ Carondelet was named a Councilor of the Ducal Council of Philip the Fair in 1497. In 1508 he became a member of the Secret Council of the Burgundian Netherlands. In 1522 he was named Chairman of the Council by Charles V, a position he held until 1540. He was named Archbishop of Palermo by Emperor Charles V, but Pope Leo X imposed the condition that he resign his Deanship of Besancon. In addition, Cardinal de Vio contested Carondelet's title to the office. Carondelet never visited the island of Sicily or his See, but spent nearly all of his time in Mechlen. He was a correspondent of Erasmus. He died on 26 March 1544. Pirro, pp. 188-196. John C. Olin (1979). Six Essays on Erasmus and a Translation of Erasmus' Letter to Carondelet, 1523. NY: Fordham Univ Press. pp.41, 46, 64, 95. ISBN978-0-8232-1024-4.Peter G. Bietenholz; Thomas Brian Deutscher (2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. Vol.I. University of Toronto Press. pp.272–273. ISBN978-0-8020-8577-1. Eubel, III, p. 269.
↑ Giovanni Doria was a native of Genoa. He was named a cardinal at the age of 31 by Pope Clement VIII on 9 June 1604, and was appointed Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano; he was not yet a priest. Cardinal Doria was named Coadjutor Archbishop and titular Archbishop of Thessalonica (Macedonia) on 4 February 1608. He was consecrated in Rome by Pope Paul V on 4 May 1608. He succeeded to the See of Palermo on 5 July 1608. He died on 19 November 1642. Lorenzo Cardella (1793). Memorie storiche de' cardinali della santa Romana chiesa (in Italian). Vol.Tomo sesto (6). Rome: Pagliarini. pp.113–115. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 8; p. 272, with note 2; p. 335.
↑ Lozano was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Plasencia in Spain, and granted the personal title of archbishop. He died on 3 July 1669. David M. Cheney. Catholic-Hierarchy.org, "Archbishop Juan Lozano, O.S.A."Catholic-Hierarchy.org, Retrieved March 21, 2016. Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 305 with note 2.
↑ Palafox was born in the diocese of Sagunto (Valencia, Spain). He was Doctor in utroque iure (Salamanca). He was presented to the See of Palermo by the King of Spain on 15 August 1677, and preconized (approved) by Pope Clement IX on 8 November 1677. He was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Carlo Pio on 11 November 1677. He was presented by King Charles II of Spain on 20 September 1684, and appointed by Pope Innocent XI as Archbishop of Seville on 13 November 1684. Palafox died on 2 December 1701. Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 222, with note 4; p. 305 with note 3.
↑ Bazan y Manriquez: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 305 with note 4.
↑ Gasch: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 305 with note 5.
↑ In secular life his name was Paolo Basile. As a Franciscan he was Fra Matteo from Pareta. Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 2.
↑ Rossi: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 3.
↑ Meléndez: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 4.
↑ Papiniano-Cusani: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 5.
↑ Filangeri: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 6.
↑ Sanseverino: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 8.
↑ Lopez: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 9.
↑ Born in Naples in 1786, Naselli became a priest of the Congregation of the Oratory in 1809, and later served as its Provost. He held a doctorate in theology. He was nominated bishop of Noto by Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies on 20 June 1850, and approved by Pope Pius IX on 17 February 1851. He was transferred to the archdiocese of Palermo on 27 June 1853. Annuario pontificio (Roma 1865), p. 190. Ritzler & Sefrin Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 410, 438. Nicolò Lentini, Giovan Battista Naselli: Arcivescovo di Palermo fra Regno delle Due Sicilie e Unità d'Italia, (in Italian) (Palermo: Edizioni Ex Libris, 2021).
↑ Born in Palermo in 1814, Pietro Celesia entered the monastery of S. Martino in Palermo and took the name Michelangelo, professing his vows in 1835. In 1840 he was named a lecturer in philosophy in the monastery, and in 1843 docent in theology. In 1846 he became Prior at Messina, and in 1850 Prior at Militello; in 1850 Pope Pius IX named him Abbot of Montecassino; in 1858 he was appointed Abbot of Farfa and Procurator General of the Benedictine Order at the Roman Curia. Celesia was named Bishop of Patti on 23 March 1860, and consecrated a bishop on 15 April 1860 by Cardinal Girolamo d'Andrea; he could not enter his diocese, however, until 1866 because of the liberation movement led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was appointed Archbishop of Palermo on 27 October 1871, and named a cardinal by Pope Leo XIII on 10 November 1884. He died on 14 April 1904. Martin Bräuer (2014). Handbuch der Kardinäle: 1846-2012 (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. p.129. ISBN978-3-11-026947-5.
↑ Born in 1918, Pappalardo was a native of Villafranca Sicula (Agrigento Sicily), the son of an officer in the Carabinieri. He attended the Roman Seminary and the Gregorian University, taking doctorates in theology and Canon and Civil Law; he was ordained in 1941. After additional study he served as a staff member of the Secretariat of State and teacher at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He was pro-Nuncio in Indonesia, 1965–1969, and for that assignment he was made titular bishop of Miletus (Turkey). On his return, he became President of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. 17 Oct 1970 he was named Archbishop of Palermo. He was made a cardinal in 1973 by Pope Paul VI. As Archbishop of Palermo he was a vocal opponent of the Mafia for a time. His resignation of the diocese was accepted on 4 Apr 1996 after passing the age of 75. He died in Palermo on 10 December 2006. Harris M. Lentz (2009). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. London: McFarland. p.139. ISBN978-1-4766-2155-5.Vincenzo Noto (2011). Il cardinale Salvatore Pappalardo. Amen. ISBN978-88-96063-08-8.John Dickie (2014). Blood Brotherhoods: A History of Italy's Three Mafias. New York: PublicAffairs. pp.538–539. ISBN978-1-61039-427-7. He has been accused of being a member of a Masonic lodge: Paul L. Williams (2009). The Vatican Exposed: Money, Murder, and the Mafia. Amherst NY USA: Prometheus Books. p.118. ISBN978-1-61592-142-3.
Books
Reference works
Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol.1 (Tomus 1) (seconded.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. pp.181–182.. Archived.
Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol.2 (Tomus 2) (seconded.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p.125.. Archived.
Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol.3 (Tomus 3) (seconded.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p.163.. Archived.
Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol.IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol.V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol.6 (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
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