Pantelleria

Last updated • 9 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Pantelleria
Comune di Pantelleria
Pantelleria sulla Costa.jpg
Panorama of Pantelleria
Pantelleria-Stemma.png
Location of Pantelleria
Pantelleria
Italy provincial location map 2016.svg
Red pog.svg
Pantelleria
Location of Pantelleria in Sicily
Italy Sicily location map IT.svg
Red pog.svg
Pantelleria
Pantelleria (Sicily)
Coordinates: 36°47′15″N11°59′33″E / 36.78750°N 11.99250°E / 36.78750; 11.99250
Country Italy
Region Sicily
Province Trapani (TP)
Frazioni Kamma, Pantelleria Aeroporto, Scauri, Bagno Dell'Acqua, Bonsulton, Buccaram Di Sopra, Bugeber, Campobello, Contrada Venedise, Cufurà, Gadir, Garitte Karuscia, Khaddiuggia, Khamma Fuori, Località Cimillia, Località Mursia, Località Punta Fram, Località Roncone – Salerno, Località Ziton, Madonna Delle Grazie, Martingana, Mordomo, Penna, San Michele, San Vito, Santa Chiara, Scauri I, Siba – Roncone, Villaggio Tre Pietre
Government
  MayorVincenzo Vittorio Campo
Area
[1]
  Total84.53 km2 (32.64 sq mi)
Elevation
836 m (2,743 ft)
Population
 (1 January 2022) [2]
  Total7,335
  Density87/km2 (220/sq mi)
Demonym Panteschi
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
  Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
91017
Dialing code 0923
Patron saint St. Fortunatus
Saint day16 October
Website Official website

Pantelleria (Italian pronunciation: [pantelleˈɾiːa] ; [3] Sicilian: Pantiḍḍirìa; [pandɪɖɖɪˈɾiːa] ), known in ancient times as Cossyra or Cossura, is an Italian island and comune in the Strait of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, 106 kilometres (55 nautical miles) southwest of Sicily and 68 km (35 nmi) east of the Tunisian coast. On clear days Tunisia is visible from the island. Administratively Pantelleria's comune belongs to the Sicilian province of Trapani.

Contents

According to the Italian National Institute of Statistics, the population of Pantelleria was 7,335 in 2022. [4]

Description

With an area of 83 km2 (32 sq mi), Pantelleria is the largest volcanic satellite island of Sicily. The last eruption occurred below sea level in 1891, and today phenomena related to volcanic activity are present, such as hot springs and fumaroles. The highest peak, the Montagna Grande, reaches 836 m (2,743 ft) above sea level. The islanders speak Pantesco, a dialect of Sicilian influenced by Arabic.

Specchio di Venere lake is a soda lake. [5] [6]

Names

Cossura bronze coin showing a portrait of Isis with Punic legend (23 mm, 12.18 g) Cossura Isis bronze coin.jpg
Cossura bronze coin showing a portrait of Isis with Punic legend (23 mm, 12.18 g)

The Carthaginians knew the island as YRNM (Punic : 𐤉𐤓𐤍𐤌) [7] or ʾYRNM (𐤀𐤉𐤓𐤍𐤌). [8]

The Greek geographers recorded it as Kossyra (Ancient Greek : Κόσσυρα) and Kossyros (Κόσσυρος), [9] which became the Latin Cossura. [8] This appears in Arabic as Qawṣirah (قوصرة) and Maltese as the former name Qawsra.

The original Arab name for the island was Bint al-Riyāḥ (Arabic: بنت الرياح and Maltese: Bint l-Irjieħ), meaning "Daughter of the Winds" after the strong gales that can arise off the north coast of Africa.

Its Sicilian name is Pantiddirìa, which gave rise to the present Maltese name Pantellerija.

History

One of the sesi (burial tombs) on Pantelleria. Pantelleria Sese grande o Sese del Re (1017196158).jpg
One of the sesi (burial tombs) on Pantelleria.

The earliest evidence of human activity dates to the Neolithic, where it appears visitors to the island would arrive temporarily in order to extract obsidian for dispersion elsewhere in the central Mediterranean. [10] The earliest permanent settlement would not begin until the Bronze Age, with the primary site, Mursia, being the only settlement known from the period. [11] The iconic Sesi, megalithic multi-burial structures, would be built during this period as well. [12]

The original population of Pantelleria did not come from Sicily, but were of Iberian or Ibero-Ligurian ancestry. After a considerable interval, during which the island probably remained uninhabited, the Carthaginians took possession of it, no doubt owing to its importance as a station on the way to Sicily. This probably occurred around the beginning of the 7th century BC. Their acropolis was the twin hill of San Marco and Santa Teresa, 2 km (1+14 mi) south of the present town of Pantelleria. The town has considerable remains of walls made of rectangular blocks of masonry and also of a number of cisterns. Punic tombs have been discovered, and the votive terra-cottas of a small sanctuary of the Punic period were found near the north coast.

The Romans occupied the island as the Fasti Triumphales record in 255 BC, lost it again the next year, and recovered it in 217 BC. It struck bronze coins, originally with a Punic inscription but changing to Latin by the 1st century BC. [8] Under the empire, it served as a place of banishment for prominent persons and members of the imperial family. The town enjoyed municipal rights.

In AD 700, Arabs conquered the island. In 1123, Roger II of Sicily took the island, and in 1311 an Aragonese fleet under the command of Lluís de Requesens won a considerable victory here. Requesens's family became princes of Pantelleria until 1553, when a Turkish fleet commanded by Dragut sacked the island. [13] A naval battle took place near the island in July 1586 when an armed English merchant fleet of five ships managed to repel an attack by eleven Spanish and Maltese galleys.

A Siculo-Arabic dialect similar to Maltese was the vernacular of the island until the late 18th century, when the Romance Sicilian superseded it. The modern Sicilian language in Pantelleria contains many Arabic loanwords, and most of the island's place names are of Semitic origin.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the British considered the possibility of taking over Pantelleria (together with Lampedusa and Linosa) so as to be able to supply Malta, but a royal commission stated in an 1812 report that there would be considerable difficulties in this venture. [14]

Pantelleria's capture was regarded as crucial to Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 as planes based on Pantelleria could readily reach Sicily. In Operation Corkscrew the Allies bombarded Pantelleria heavily from air and sea in the days before the invasion. The garrison surrendered as the landing troops approached. Pantelleria then became a vital base for Allied aircraft during the assault on Sicily.

Archaeological sites

A Middle Bronze Age village was on the west coast, 3 km (2 mi) southeast of the harbour, with a rampart of small blocks of lava, about 7.5 m (25 ft) high, 10 m (33 ft) wide at the base and 5 m (16 ft) at the top, upon the undefended eastern side. Remains of huts were found there, with pottery, tools of obsidian, and other artifacts. These objects are in the museum at Syracuse.

To the southeast, in the district known as the Cunelie, are many tombs, known as sesi. They are similar in character to the nuraghe of Sardinia, though of smaller size, and consist of round or elliptical towers with sepulchral chambers in them, built of rough blocks of lava. Fifty-seven of them can still be traced. The largest is an ellipse of about 18 m × 20 m (59 ft × 66 ft), but most of the sesi have a diameter of only 6–7 m (20–23 ft). The identical character of the pottery found in the sesi with that found in the prehistoric village proves that the former are the tombs of the inhabitants of the latter.

Monuments and other buildings

The island has scattered typical one-level buildings called dammuso of unknown but probably remote origins. A dammuso is a dry stone building with thick walls that usually appear black due to the extensive use of volcanic rock. They have characteristic domes on top painted white to avoid overheating. The domes collect rainwater that is directed to a large tank (usually below the building) or to the nearby soil for use in the dry season.

Most of the other constructions were destroyed during the Second World War. One notable exception is the castle Barbacane, a renaissance building formed by an irregularly quadrangular plan with internal court joined to a squared base tower.

Geology

Volcanic rocks in Pantelleria Volcanic Rocks on Pantelleria in Italy 001.jpg
Volcanic rocks in Pantelleria

The island of Pantelleria is located above a drowned continental rift in the Strait of Sicily and has been the focus of intensive volcano-tectonic activity. The 15 kilometre-long (9.3 mi) island is the emergent summit of a largely submarine edifice. [15] Two large Pleistocene calderas dominate the island, the older of the two formed about 114,000 years ago and the younger Cinque Denti caldera formed about 45,000 years ago. [16] The eruption that formed the Cinque Denti caldera produced the distinctive green tuff deposit that covers much of the island, and is found across the Mediterranean, as far away as the island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea. [17] Holocene eruptions have constructed pumice cones, lava domes, and short, blocky lava flows. [18]

Later activity constructed the cone of Monte Gibele, part of which was subsequently uplifted to form Montagna Grande. Several vents are located on three sides of the uplifted Montagna Grande block on the southeast side of the island. A submarine eruption in 1891 from a vent off the northwest coast is the only confirmed historical activity. [19]

Currently the island is subsiding, and Montagna Grande is slowly sinking. This is thought to be caused by the magma beneath the volcano cooling and degassing. [20] There are numerous hot springs and fumaroles on the island due to an active hydrothermal system. Favara Grande, in the south east of the island, is one of the best examples. The island is releasing a small amount of CO2 through passive degassing. [21] Total carbon stock in the first 30 cm (12 in) of soil of Pantelleria is about 230,000 tonnes. [22] The island is the type locality for pantellerite, a peralkaline rhyolite.

Climate

Pantelleria has a subtropical Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) characterized by very warm to hot, almost rainless and humid summers, very mild and frost-free winters, a powerful seasonal lag and a small diurnal temperature range. The constant sea breezes moderate the daytime summer temperatures. Coastal Pantelleria (along with Lampedusa, Kasos, Karpathos, Kastellorizo and coastal Malta) is one of the very few areas along the Mediterranean Sea coast that has never recorded frost. Below freezing temperatures and snow only occur, and sporadically, at Montagna Grande and higher elevations on the island. Despite the very dry summers and the fairly low annual precipitation, the dry season is noticeably short at four months, and the rainy season lasts at least eight months.

Climate data for Pantelleria (extremes 1971–2020)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)22.6
(72.7)
25.2
(77.4)
30.6
(87.1)
32.0
(89.6)
39.4
(102.9)
42.6
(108.7)
41.4
(106.5)
41.8
(107.2)
40.5
(104.9)
34.8
(94.6)
27.6
(81.7)
25.4
(77.7)
42.6
(108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)13.9
(57.0)
14.0
(57.2)
15.2
(59.4)
17.7
(63.9)
21.9
(71.4)
25.7
(78.3)
28.2
(82.8)
29.0
(84.2)
26.5
(79.7)
22.6
(72.7)
18.1
(64.6)
15.1
(59.2)
20.7
(69.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)11.9
(53.4)
11.8
(53.2)
12.8
(55.0)
14.8
(58.6)
18.6
(65.5)
22.2
(72.0)
24.7
(76.5)
25.7
(78.3)
23.4
(74.1)
20.1
(68.2)
15.9
(60.6)
13.1
(55.6)
17.9
(64.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)10.0
(50.0)
9.6
(49.3)
10.3
(50.5)
11.9
(53.4)
15.2
(59.4)
18.7
(65.7)
21.3
(70.3)
22.4
(72.3)
20.4
(68.7)
17.5
(63.5)
13.8
(56.8)
11.1
(52.0)
15.2
(59.3)
Record low °C (°F)1.0
(33.8)
2.0
(35.6)
1.8
(35.2)
4.6
(40.3)
9.4
(48.9)
11.0
(51.8)
15.2
(59.4)
15.0
(59.0)
13.4
(56.1)
9.0
(48.2)
5.0
(41.0)
2.6
(36.7)
1.0
(33.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)79.7
(3.14)
63.2
(2.49)
51.8
(2.04)
35.1
(1.38)
15.2
(0.60)
8.5
(0.33)
2.9
(0.11)
7.8
(0.31)
82.3
(3.24)
91.7
(3.61)
93.3
(3.67)
92.75
(3.65)
624.25
(24.57)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)8.527.525.393.962.180.930.260.964.856.467.889.3758.28
Average dew point °C (°F)7.9
(46.2)
7.0
(44.6)
8.1
(46.6)
9.9
(49.8)
13.3
(55.9)
16.1
(61.0)
17.5
(63.5)
19.2
(66.6)
17.9
(64.2)
15.6
(60.1)
12.1
(53.8)
9.2
(48.6)
12.8
(55.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 125.5146.2186.1208.5259.2286.6319.3306.4231.3196.6148.7124.12,538.5
Source 1: NOAA(1991–2020 [23] ), (Dew Point and Sun 1981–2010 [24] )
Source 2: Atlante climatico frommeteoam.it(Temperatures 1971–2000) [25]

Environment

Map of Pantelleria Pantelleria mappa.png
Map of Pantelleria

Pantelleria National Park (Italian: Parco Nazionale dell'Isola di Pantelleria) was established in 2016, and covers an area of 66.4 km2 (25+58 sq mi), or 80% of the island. [26]

Specchio di Venere (literally "Venus' mirror") is a natural lake formed in an extinct volcanic crater, and fed by rain and hot springs. The lake is 12 m (39 ft) deep and is popular for swimming, hot springs, and mud bathing. Other natural attractions are paths to the sea, a large network of trekking paths, hot springs, and a popular natural sauna fed by vapours filtering through rocks in a small cave. Also situated on the Island is Laghetto delle Ondine ("Pond of the ripples" or "Pond of the wavelets") a seawater lake which has developed into a very desired swimming hole. [27]

The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a population of Eleonora's falcons, with some 35–40 breeding pairs estimated in 1994. [28]

Economy

The economy of Pantelleria consistst mainly of agriculture and tourism.

Wine

Typical landscape with vineyards Campi a Pantelleria.jpg
Typical landscape with vineyards

Pantelleria is noted for its sweet wines, Moscato di Pantelleria and Moscato Passito di Pantelleria, both made from the local Zibibbo grape. [29] In 2014, the traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the vite ad alberello (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria was inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO. [30]

Transport

The island is served by Pantelleria Airport, [31] which is served by DAT, connecting Trapani and Palermo and other companies in summer, connecting the island with Italian cities such as Milan, Rome, Venice and others. Ferries reach the island from Trapani, and it is near the main east–west route through the Mediterranean Sea.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Italy</span>

The geography of Italy includes the description of all the physical geographical elements of Italy. Italy, whose territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical region, is located in southern Europe and comprises the long, boot-shaped Italian Peninsula crossed by the Apennines, the southern side of Alps, the large plain of the Po Valley and some islands including Sicily and Sardinia. Italy is part of the Northern Hemisphere. Two of the Pelagie Islands are located on the African continent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sicily</span> Island in the Mediterranean, region of Italy

Sicily is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy. With 4.8 million inhabitants, including 1.3 million in and around the capital city of Palermo, it is the most populous island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is named after the Sicels, who inhabited the eastern part of the island during the Iron Age. Sicily has a rich and unique culture in arts, music, literature, cuisine, and architecture. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, the tallest active volcano in Europe, and one of the most active in the world, currently 3,357 m (11,014 ft) high. The island has a typical Mediterranean climate. It is separated from Calabria by the Strait of Messina. It is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is generally considered part of Southern Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trapani</span> Comune in Sicily, Italy

Trapani is a city and municipality (comune) on the west coast of Sicily, in Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Trapani. Founded by Elymians, the city is still an important fishing port and the main gateway to the nearby Egadi Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erice</span> Comune in Sicily, Italy

Erice is a historic town and comune in the province of Trapani, Sicily, southern Italy. It is a member of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia association.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aeolian Islands</span> Volcanically active archipelago off the northern coast of Sicily, Italy

The Aeolian Islands, sometimes referred to as the Lipari Islands or Lipari group after their largest island, are a volcanic archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily, said to be named after Aeolus, the mythical ruler of the winds. The islands' inhabitants are known as Aeolians. The islands had a permanent population of 14,224 at the 2011 census; the latest official estimate is 15,419 as of 1 January 2019. The Aeolian Islands are a popular tourist destination in the summer and attract up to 600,000 visitors annually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Etna</span> Active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy

Mount Etna, or simply Etna, is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina and Catania. It is located above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is one of the tallest active volcanoes in Europe, and the tallest peak in Italy south of the Alps with a current height of 3,403 m (11,165 ft), though this varies with summit eruptions. For instance, in 2021 the southeastern crater reached a height of 3,357 m, but was then surpassed by the Voragine crater after the summer 2024 eruptions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stromboli</span> Active volcanic island off the coast of Sicily, Italy

Stromboli is an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily, containing Mount Stromboli, one of the four active volcanoes in Italy. It is one of the seven Aeolian Islands, a volcanic arc north of Sicily, and the mythological home of Aeolus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lampedusa</span> Italian island

Lampedusa is the largest island of the Italian Pelagie Islands in the Mediterranean Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanism of Italy</span> Volcanic activity in Italy

The volcanism of Italy is due chiefly to the presence, a short distance to the south, of the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate. Italy is a volcanically active country, containing the only active volcanoes in mainland Europe. The lava erupted by Italy's volcanoes is thought to result from the subduction and melting of one plate below another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strait of Sicily</span> The strait between Sicily and Tunisia

The Strait of Sicily is the strait between Sicily and Tunisia. The strait is about 145 kilometres (90 mi) wide and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea, from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The maximum depth is 316 meters (1,037 ft). The island of Pantelleria lies in the middle of the strait.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Province of Catania</span> Province of Italy

The province of Catania was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily, Italy. Its capital was the city of Catania. It had an area of 3,552 square kilometres (1,371 sq mi) and a total population of about 1,116,917 as of 31 December 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Province of Trapani</span> Province of Italy

The province of Trapani is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily, Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the free municipal consortium of Trapani. Its capital is the city of Trapani. It has an area of 2,469.62 square kilometres (953.53 sq mi) and a total population of 433,826 (2017). There are 25 comuni in the province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)</span> Submerged volcanic island south of Sicily

Graham Island or Isola Ferdinandea was an island in the Mediterranean Sea near Sicily that has, on more than one occasion, risen above the surface of the Mediterranean via volcanic action and soon thereafter been washed away. Since 300 BC this cycle of events has occurred four times. The island was part of the submarine volcano Empedocles, 30 km (19 mi) south of Sicily, which is one of a number of underwater volcanoes known as the Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pelagie Islands</span> Italian island group on the African Plate

The Pelagie Islands, from the Greek πέλαγος, pélagos meaning "open sea", are the three small islands of Lampedusa, Lampione, and Linosa, located in the Mediterranean Sea between Malta and Tunisia, south of Sicily. To the northwest lie the island of Pantelleria and the Strait of Sicily. All three islands are part of the comune of Lampedusa e Linosa. Geologically, part of the archipelago is on the African continental shelf, while Linosa is of volcanic origin. Politically and administratively though, the islands fall within the Sicilian province of Agrigento and represent the southernmost part of Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linosa</span> Italian island

Linosa is one of the Pelagie Islands in the Sicily Channel of the Mediterranean Sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sicilian shrew</span> Species of mammal

The Sicilian shrew is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is found in Sicily (Italy) and Gozo (Malta). Its natural habitat is temperate shrubland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1693 Sicily earthquake</span> 1693 earthquake in Sicily

The 1693 Sicily earthquake struck parts of southern Italy near Sicily, then a territory part of the Crown of Aragon by the Kings of Spain Calabria, and Malta on 11 January at around 21:00 local time. This earthquake was preceded by a damaging foreshock on 9 January. The main quake had an estimated magnitude of 7.4 on the moment magnitude scale, the most powerful in Italian recorded history, and a maximum intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, destroying at least 70 towns and cities, seriously affecting an area of 5,600 square kilometres (2,200 sq mi) and causing the death of about 60,000 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lava balloon</span> Floating bubble of lava

A lava balloon is a gas-filled bubble of lava that floats on the sea surface. It can be up to several metres in size. When it emerges from the sea, it is usually hot and often steaming. After floating for some time it fills with water and sinks again.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1669 eruption of Mount Etna</span> Volcanic eruption in Sicily, Italy

The 1669 eruption of Mount Etna is the largest-recorded historical eruption of the volcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy. After several weeks of increasing seismic activity that damaged the town of Nicolosi and other settlements, an eruption fissure opened on the southeastern flank of Etna during the night of 10–11 March. Several more fissures became active during 11 March, erupting pyroclastics and tephra that fell over Sicily and accumulated to form the Monti Rossi scoria cone.

References

  1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. Luciano Canepari. "Pantelleria". DiPI Online (in Italian). Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  4. "Resident population by age, sex and marital status on 1st January 2022". demo.istat.it. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  5. Kempe, Stephan; Kazmierczak, Jozef (2011). "Soda Ocean Hypothesis". Encyclopedia of Geobiology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 829–833. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_192. ISBN   978-1-4020-9211-4.
  6. Cangemi, Marianna; Censi, Paolo; Reimer, Andreas; D'Alessandro, Walter; Hause-Reitner, Dorothea; Madonia, Paolo; Oliveri, Ygor; Pecoraino, Giovannella; Reitner, Joachim (April 2016). "Carbonate precipitation in the alkaline lake Specchio di Venere (Pantelleria Island, Italy) and the possible role of microbial mats". Applied Geochemistry. 67: 168–176. Bibcode:2016ApGC...67..168C. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.02.012.
  7. Huss (1985), p.  568.
  8. 1 2 3 Head & al. (1911).
  9. "bibliotheca Augustana". www.hs-augsburg.de.
  10. Muntoni, Italo M.; Micheletti, Francesca; Mongelli, Nicola; Pallara, Mauro; Acquafredda, Pasquale (October 2022). "First evidence in Italian mainland of Pantelleria obsidian: Highlights from WD-XRF and SEM-EDS characterization of Neolithic artefacts from Galliano necropolis (Taranto, Southern Italy)". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 45: 103553. Bibcode:2022JArSR..45j3553M. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103553.
  11. Marcucci, Serena (22 December 2008). "La capanna B6 dell'abitato dell'Antica Età del Bronzo di Mursia (Pantelleria –TP) e le strutture produttive domestiche". IpoTESI di Preistoria. 1 (1): 125–199. doi:10.6092/issn.1974-7985/1359.
  12. "Parco Archeologico dei Sesi | Pantelleria, Sicily | Attractions". Lonely Planet.
  13. Braudel, Fernand (1995). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Berkeley, Calif: Univ of California Press. p. 927. ISBN   978-0-520-20330-3.
  14. Ganado, Albert (10 November 2013). "Lampedusa's strong and long-standing relationships with Malta". Times of Malta . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017.
  15. "Global Volcanism Program | Pantelleria | Summary". Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
  16. Mahood, Gail A.; Hildreth, Wes (June 1986). "Geology of the peralkaline volcano at Pantelleria, Strait of Sicily". Bulletin of Volcanology. 48 (2–3): 143–172. Bibcode:1986BVol...48..143M. doi:10.1007/BF01046548.
  17. Margari, V.; Pyle, D.M.; Bryant, C.; Gibbard, P.L. (June 2007). "Mediterranean tephra stratigraphy revisited: Results from a long terrestrial sequence on Lesvos Island, Greece". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 163 (1–4): 34–54. Bibcode:2007JVGR..163...34M. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.02.002.
  18. "Global Volcanism Program | Pantelleria | Synonyms and Subfeatures". Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
  19. "Global Volcanism Program | Pantelleria | Eruptive History". Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
  20. Mattia, M.; Bonaccorso, A.; Guglielmino, F. (November 2007). "Ground deformations in the Island of Pantelleria (Italy): Insights into the dynamic of the current intereruptive period". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B11). Bibcode:2007JGRB..11211406M. doi:10.1029/2006jb004781.
  21. D'Alessandro, W. (2007). Final report of Research Unit V3_7/02. Palermo, Italy: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo. hdl:2122/4911.
  22. Saiano, Filippo; Oddo, Giacomo; Scalenghe, Riccardo; La Mantia, Tommaso; Ajmone-Marsan, Franco (26 April 2013). "DRIFTS Sensor: Soil Carbon Validation at Large Scale (Pantelleria, Italy)". Sensors. 13 (5): 5603–5613. Bibcode:2013Senso..13.5603S. doi: 10.3390/s130505603 . PMC   3690017 . PMID   23624691.
  23. "WMO Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Pantelleria" (CSV). ncei.nooa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  24. "WMO Climate Normals for 1981–2010: Pantelleria-16470" (XLS). ncei.nooa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  25. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. "Parco Nazionale Isola di Pantelleria in Italy". Protected Planet. Accessed 6 July 2020.
  27. "Gadir's baths and the Laghetto delle Ondine (Ondine swimming hole) – Abitare Pantelleria". abitarepantelleria.com. 22 May 2023.
  28. "Pantelleria". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  29. "Moscato di Pantelleria (DOC)". Italian Trade Commission (ITC). 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012.
  30. UNESCO – Traditional agricultural practice of cultivating the ‘vite ad alberello’ (head-trained bush vines) of the community of Pantelleria
  31. "Aeroporto di Pantelleria" . Retrieved 13 March 2022.

Bibliography