Arena Stage

Last updated
Arena Stage
Arena Stage logo.png
Arena Stage
Address1101 Sixth Street
Southwest, Washington, D.C.
United States
Coordinates 38°52′38″N77°01′13″W / 38.8772°N 77.0203°W / 38.8772; -77.0203
Public transit Waterfront station (Washington Metro) Metrobus (Washington, D.C.)
Operator Molly Smith, Edgar Dobie
Genre(s)American Plays & Playwrights
Capacity 1,392
Construction
Opened1950
Renovated2008–2010
Years active1950–present
Website
arenastage.org

Arena Stage is a not-for-profit regional theater based in Southwest, Washington, D.C. [1] Established in 1950, it was the first racially integrated theater in Washington, D.C., [1] [2] [3] [4] and its founders helped start the U.S. regional theater movement. [5] [6] Its theater complex was completed for the company in 2010; it is called The Mead Center for American Theater.

Contents

Since 1998 the theater's Artistic Director had been Molly Smith, who retired in July 2023. [7] The current Artistic Director is Hana S. Sharif. The Executive Producer is Edgar Dobie. [8] It is the largest company in the country dedicated to American plays and playwrights. [9] Arena Stage commissions and develops new plays through its Power Plays initiative. [10] The company serves an annual audience of more than 300,000. [7] [11] Its productions have received numerous local and national awards, including the Tony Award for best regional theater [12] and over 600 Helen Hayes Awards. [13] [11] [14]

History

Founding, location, and theaters

The company was founded in Washington, D.C., in 1950 by Zelda and Thomas Fichandler and Edward Mangum. [1] [3] Its first home was the Hippodrome Theatre, [9] [2] a former movie house. [4] In 1956, the company moved into the gymnasium of the old Heurich Brewery in Foggy Bottom; the theater was nicknamed "The Old Vat." [15]

In 1960, the company moved into its current complex on Sixth Street, which was designed for them by Chicago architect Harry Weese. [9] He also designed the Arena's Kreeger Theater, which opened in 1970. [2] In 1966, Robert Alexander joined the company and created the Living Stage as a social outreach improvisational theater. [4] From 2008 to 2010, the complex was renovated and a third theatre was added, together with a variety of support spaces. The new complex, with the theatres under a glass skin, was named as the Mead Center for American Theater. Its outdoor terrace overlooks the Southwest Waterfront.

Inclusion and diversity focus

Arena was the first theatre in D.C. to be racially integrated. [16] [17] [18] Its production The Great White Hope , which opened at Arena Stage in 1967, was transferred to Broadway with its original cast, including James Earl Jones and Jane Alexander in the lead roles. [2] [19] Arena was the first regional theater to transfer a production to Broadway. [2] [19] When Arena Stage reprised the play in 2000 as part of its 50th-anniversary celebration, Mahershala Ali was cast as the male lead. [20] It was his first professional role. [20]

In 1968, the company received a $250,000 grant from the Ford Foundation. [21] Part of it was to be used for the training of black actors. [21] In 1987, Arena hosted a symposium on nontraditional casting. [22] In 1989, the company received a $1 million grant from the National Endowment for the Arts to train minority actors, directors, designers and administrators, and to produce plays from non-white cultures. [22] [5]

In the latter half of the 20th century, the company traveled abroad. In 1973, they performed Thornton Wilder's Our Town and Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee's Inherit the Wind in the Soviet Union after being encouraged by the U.S. State Department to do so. [4] [5] This made them the first regional theater to present U.S. plays in the USSR. [2]

In 1980 Arena Stage was the first American theater company to be invited to the Hong Kong Arts Festival. It attended the Israel Festival in Jerusalem in 1987. [4] In the U.S., to promote cultural diversity, Zelda Fichandler included plays from the Soviet Union, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Austria, East and West Germany, France, Switzerland, England, Canada, and Australia in the theater's repertoire. [5] In 1991, Arena raised $4 million for a cultural diversity grant. [5] This became the Allen Lee Hughes Fellowship Program. [5]

In 1981, Arena developed Audio Description for visually impaired audience members. [5] This made the company the first theater to create audio-described performances. [5]

In 1976, Arena Stage became the first theater outside New York to receive a special Tony Award for theatrical excellence. [4] [12]

Original plays and films

In 2016, artistic director Molly Smith announced the Power Plays initiative to commission 25 original plays and musicals over the next 10 years to showcase American history from 1776 to modern day. [23] [24] These have included works by Jacqueline Lawton, Eve Ensler, Rajiv Joseph, Mary Kathryn Nagle, Sarah Ruhl, Lawrence Wright, Eduardo Machado, Aaron Posner, John Strand, Craig Lucas, Kenneth Lin, and Nathan Alan Davis. [25] [23]

During the coronavirus pandemic, Arena Stage launched the Artists Marketplace as a way for people to commission or purchase work from the artists who have worked with the company. [26] [27]

The company also produced three films: May 22, 2020, a docudrama that follows D.C.-Maryland-Virginia residents and captures a day in their lives during the pandemic; [28] Inside Voices, which features the stories of kids during the pandemic; [29] and The 51st State, about D.C. statehood issues. [30]

In 2021, the company released a three-part commissioned music series called Arena Riffs as part of its reopening. [27] [31]

Timeline

DateEventSource
1950Arena Stage is founded as the first racially integrated theatre in Washington, D.C. [3]
1959Arena Stage becomes a not-for-profit [4] [5]
1961The company's new complex, designed by Harry Weese, opens [4] [9]
1967The Great White Hope featuring James Earl Jones and Jane Alexander debuts [19]
1971The company's Kreeger Theater opens [4]
1973Arena is the first regional theater to tour behind the Iron Curtain [2]
1976The company is awarded the Special Tony Award for Outstanding Regional Theater [12]
1980Arena Stage is the first American theater company invited to the international Hong Kong Arts Festival [5]
1981The company develops Audio Description for visually impaired audiences [5]
1982Premier of Patrick Meyers' K2 [4]
1985The creation of a resident acting company [4]
1987The company attends the Israel Festival in Jerusalem and presents The Crucible [4]
1994The Price breaks existing box office records [4]
2009Launch of the American Voices New Play Institute [10]
2010The Price breaks existing box office records [3] [32]
2015Dear Evan Hansen premieres at Arena Stage [33]
2016Commissioning of 25 original works announced under the Power Plays initiative [3] [1]
2017Dear Evan Hansen wins 6 Tony Awards, including Best Musical [34]

Renovation and new construction, 2008–2010

Arena Stage December 2020 ArenaStage12-2020.jpg
Arena Stage December 2020
Arena Stage, 2011 Arena Stage 2011.jpg
Arena Stage, 2011

A major renovation of the facility was undertaken from 2008 through 2010. [32] The architect for the project was Bing Thom Architects of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, who contracted Fast + Epp consulting engineers to design the main columns for the building. [35] During the renovation, Arena Stage temporarily moved to the Crystal Forum and the Lincoln Theatre. [3]

The Arena's existing theaters, the Fichandler Stage and the Kreeger Theater, were enclosed under a glass “skin” together with a new theater, the Arlene and Robert Kogod Cradle. [3] The entire $135 million complex was renamed "Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American Theater" in honor of supporters Gilbert and Jaylee Mead. [36] [37] The new building also includes a central lobby, restaurant, and the Catwalk Cafe, and such support spaces as rehearsal rooms, classrooms, production shops, and offices. [38] [39] [40] [41] The restaurant, Richard's Place, is closed for the 2021–2022 season. [42]

For the first time in the company's history, all staff and operations were joined under one unifying roof. [39] [37] The three-stage theater complex is now the second-largest performing arts center in Washington, DC, after the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. It is the largest regional theater in D.C. [11] [39] Arena Stage re-opened in October 2010 with Oklahoma!. [3] [5]

The capacity of its three theaters follows:

Artistic Directors

One of the founders, Zelda Fichandler, was the company's artistic director [3] from its founding through the 1990/91 season. [9] Douglas C. Wager [3] succeeded her for the 1991/92 through 1997/98 seasons. [4] Molly Smith, assumed those duties beginning with the 1998/99 season. [3] [44] In June 2022, she announced she would retire and leave Arena Stage in July 2023. [3] [44] The current Artistic Director is Hana S. Sharif.

Production history

2017–2018 season

[45]

2018–2019 season

[46]

2019–2020 season

Some of the plays from the 2020 season were postponed due to the pandemic. As the crisis subsided, they were produced during the company's re-opening in the 2021–2022 season.

[47] [48]

2021–2022 season

[49] [50]

2022–2023 season

[51] [7]

Original works

[7]

Notable performers

Notable events

The Washingtonian magazine, as part of its 50th anniversary commemoration, identified the Arena Stage's 1967 production of The Great White Hope as one of "50 Moments That Shaped Washington, DC". [19] The play received a lot of attention, some of it negative, because it featured an interracial relationship between James Earl Jones, then a new actor, and Jane Alexander. [19] It was one of the first regional-theater productions to move to Broadway. There the production won several Tony Awards, and a Pulitzer Prize. It was also adapted as a film. [19] Zelda Fichandler worked with the writer of the play for a year to make it production-ready. [2] The Arena did not earn a share of the play's Broadway and film profits. [2]

See also

Archival material

A collection of the Arena Stage Records and materials is housed at the George Mason University Special Collections Research Center. [52] The Research Center also houses materials related to individuals involved with the theater, including personal records of Zelda Fichandler's, Thomas Fichandler's papers, the Ken Kitch papers, and materials relating to the Living Stage. [52]

Related Research Articles

Eric Coble is an American playwright and screenwriter. He is a member of the Playwrights' Unit of the Cleveland Play House.

<i>Awake and Sing!</i> Drama by American playwright Clifford Odets

Awake and Sing! is a drama play written by American playwright Clifford Odets. The play was initially produced by The Group Theatre in 1935.

The Shakespeare Theatre Company is a regional theatre company located in Washington, D.C. The theatre company focuses primarily on plays from the Shakespeare canon, but its seasons include works by other classic playwrights such as Euripides, Ibsen, Wilde, Shaw, Schiller, Coward and Tennessee Williams. The company manages and performs in two spaces: The Michael R. Klein Theatre and Sidney Harman Hall. In cooperation with George Washington University, they run the STC Academy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perseverance Theatre</span>

Perseverance Theatre is a professional theater company located on Douglas Island in Juneau, Alaska. It is Alaska's only professional theater and is particularly dedicated to developing and working with Alaskan artists and to producing plays celebrating Alaskan culture, history, and themes.

Michael Kahn is an American theater director and drama educator. He was the artistic director of the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C. from 1986 until his retirement in 2019. He held the position of Richard Rodgers Director of the Drama Division of the Juilliard School from 1992 to 2006.

Tazewell Thompson is an American theatre director, the former artistic director of the Westport Country Playhouse (2006–07) in Westport, Connecticut and the Syracuse Stage (1992–95) in New York state. Prior to that he was an assistant director at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. He is the Director of Opera Studies at Manhattan School of Music.

Zelda Fichandler was an American stage producer, director and educator.

Bill Rauch is an American theatre director. He was named the inaugural artistic director of the Ronald O. Perelman Performing Arts Center (PACNYC) at the World Trade Center in 2018. The Perelman was the final piece of the plan to revitalize the World Trade Center site and creates work which inspires hope.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molly Smith</span> American theatre director

Molly Smith is an American theatre director and the artistic director of Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. from 1998 to 2023. During this period, she emphasized promoting new American plays, playwrights, and voices, producing 200 works. In addition, she helped originate 150 works by workshops and commissions at the Arena.

Ari Roth is an American theatrical producer, playwright, director and educator. From 2014 to 2020 Roth served as the Artistic Director of Mosaic Theater Company of DC and was formerly the Artistic Director of Theater J at the Washington, D.C. Jewish Community Center from 1997 to 2014. Over 18 seasons at Theater J, he produced more than 129 productions and created festivals including "Locally Grown: Community Supported Art," "Voices from a Changing Middle East", and Theater J's acclaimed "Beyond The Stage" and "Artistic Director's Roundtable" series. In 2010, Roth was named as one of the Forward 50, honoring nationally prominent "men and women who are leading the American Jewish community into the 21st century, and in 2017 he was given the DC Mayor's Arts Award for Visionary Leadership. In 2021, Roth launched a new partnership with A. Lorraine Robinson, founding Voices Festival Productions, to be the new home for his long-running "Voices From a Changing Middle East Festival." Their first public event was a virtual benefit in support of "Ukrainian Playwrights Under Siege" in partnership with the Arts Club of Washington.

The Devils is a play, commissioned by Sir Peter Hall for the Royal Shakespeare Company and written by British dramatist John Whiting, based on Aldous Huxley's 1952 book, The Devils of Loudun.

Wendy C. Goldberg is an American theatre director and the current Artistic Director of the National Playwrights Conference at The Eugene O'Neill Theater Center. Under Goldberg's tenure, The O'Neill was awarded the 2010 Regional Theatre Tony Award, the first play development and education organization to receive this honor. Goldberg is the first woman to run the Playwrights Conference and was named Artistic Director when she was just 31 years old.

The Actor's Workshop was a theatre company founded in San Francisco in 1952. It was the first professional theatre on the west coast to premiere many of the modern American classics such as Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, and the world dramas of Samuel Beckett, Bertolt Brecht, Jean Genet and Harold Pinter. For the 1953–1954 season, the Workshop offered six plays: Lysistrata, by Aristophanes; Venus Observed, by Christopher Fry; Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller; a revival of Playboy; The Cherry Orchard, by Anton Chekhov; and Tonight at 8.30, by Noël Coward. On April 15, 1955, the Actor's Workshop signed the first Off-Broadway Equity contract to be awarded outside New York City.

Charles Randolph-Wright is an American film, television, and theatre director, television producer, screenwriter, and playwright.

Michael Murray is an American stage director, producer and educator. He is one of the early leaders of the Regional Theatre Movement. Murray was co-founder of the Charles Playhouse in Boston, MA. and served as its Artistic Director for eleven years (1957–1968). Murray was the Artistic Director of the Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park (1975–1985). In addition, he directed productions Off-Broadway in New York and at many regional theaters, including the Hartford Stage Company, Center Stage Baltimore, the Philadelphia Drama Guild, and the Huntington Theatre Company. He held the position of Chair of the Theatre Arts Department of Brandeis University (1986–2003).

Allen Lee Hughes is an American lighting designer for theater, dance, and opera. He has a long association with Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., where the fellowship and internship program is named in his honor. Hughes is a four time Tony Award nominee.

Vivienne Benesch is a theatre director and former artistic director of the Chautauqua Theatre who is currently artistic director at North Carolina's PlayMakers Repertory Company, a position she has held since 2016. As part of her work at PlayMakers, Benesch focuses on amplifying the work of women playwrights through their @PLAY program.

Trouble in Mind is a play by Alice Childress, which debuted Off-Broadway at the Greenwich Mews Theatre in 1955. It premiered on Broadway at Roundabout Theatre Company's American Airlines Theatre on November 18, 2021. The play focuses on racism and sexism in American theatre. It was published in the anthologies Black Theater: a 20th Century Collection of the Work of its Best Playwrights, the second edition of Black Drama in America: an Anthology, Plays by American Women: 1930-1960, and Alice Childress: Selected Plays. It was first published on its own by Theatre Communications Group in 2022.

<i>Appropriate</i> (play) 2014 play written by American Branden Jacobs-Jenkins

Appropriate is a dramatic play written by American playwright Branden Jacobs-Jenkins. The play premiered on Broadway in 2023 starring Sarah Paulson at the Hayes Theater as a part of Second Stage Theater's 2023–2024 season.Due to high ticket sales, the show extended and moved into a larger theatre, re-opening on March 25, 2024 at the Belasco Theatre.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Editors, American Theatre (2022-06-11). "Molly Smith to Retire from Arena Stage". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2022-07-08.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Levey, Bob (July 29, 2016). "Zelda Fichandler, Arena Stage co-founder and matriarch of regional-theater movement, dies at 91". The Washington Post.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Marks, Peter (June 10, 2022). "Molly Smith announces an exit after 25 years leading Arena Stage". The Washington Post.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Brall, Susan (2020-05-04). "Theatre News: 'Arena Stage Turns 70' Part I: Arena Stage in the 20th Century-The First 50 Years". Maryland Theatre Guide. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 lainw. "Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American Theater". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  6. ↑ History, The Oscar G. Brockett Center for Theatre; Criticism (2020-08-04). "This Month in Theatre History". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  7. 1 2 3 4 News Desk (2022-06-11). "Molly Smith to retire from Arena Stage in 2023". DC Theater Arts. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  8. ↑ Wild, Stephi. "Recipients Announced For The Inaugural Victor Shargai Leadership Award". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Goodman, Mike (31 July 2019). "Fiercely Imaginative: Arena Stage at Seventy" . Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  10. 1 2 Jones, Kenneth (December 28, 2011). "Part of American Voices New Play Institute Will Exit DC's Arena and Enter Boston's Emerson College". Playbill.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Fierberg, Ruthie (August 22, 2019). "What Makes Washington, D.C.'s Arena Stage One of the Most Impressive Historic Theatres in the Country". Playbill.
  12. 1 2 3 "Regional Theatre Tony". American Theatre Critics Association. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  13. ↑ Editors, American Theatre (2019-05-15). "Arena Stage Tops the Helen Hayes Awards". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2022-07-14.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  14. ↑ "Arena Stage Receives 9 Helen Hayes Awards". The New York Times. 1991-05-08. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-09-18.
  15. ↑ Peck, Garrett (2014). Capital Beer: A Heady History of Brewing in Washington, D.C. Charleston, SC: The History Press. p. 126. ISBN   978-1626194410.
  16. ↑ "Arena Stage". The American Theatre Wing. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  17. ↑ "America in the Round | University of Iowa Press - The University of Iowa". uipress.uiowa.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  18. ↑ "Arena Stage | Washington, DC, USA | Entertainment". www.lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "50 Moments That Shaped Washington, DC". Washingtonian. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  20. 1 2 "Mahershala Ali's Professional Acting Debut Was at Arena Stage - Washingtonian". 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  21. 1 2 Black World/Negro Digest. Johnson Publishing Company. August 1968.
  22. 1 2 Rosenfeld, Megan (December 30, 1990). "THEATER 1990". The Washington Post.
  23. 1 2 Editors, American Theatre (2016-11-30). "Getting Political: Arena Stage Launches Power Plays Initiative". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2022-08-10.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  24. ↑ Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Arena Stage Artistic Director Molly Smith to Retire in 2023". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  25. ↑ Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Arena Stage Artistic Director Molly Smith to Retire in 2023". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  26. ↑ Editors, American Theatre (2020-06-24). "Arena Stage Launches Artists Marketplace". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2022-07-26.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  27. 1 2 "DC Theater Reopenings: What We Know So Far - Washingtonian". 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
  28. ↑ Siegel, David (2020-06-15). "In 'May 22, 2020' from Arena Stage, a day in the life of the COVID DMV". DC Theater Arts. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  29. ↑ "Arena Stage presents virtual summer state 'Looking Forward'". WTOP News. 2020-06-08. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
  30. ↑ Fraley, Jason (September 16, 2020). "Arena Stage tackles DC statehood, racism in streaming film '51st State'".
  31. ↑ Cristi, A. A. "Arena's Commissioned Music Series, Arena Riffs, Begins Next Week". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  32. 1 2 "Arena Stage Renovation and Expansion, Washington, D.C. | 2010-12-01 | ENR | Engineering News-Record". www.enr.com. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  33. ↑ "This Is Your Reminder That "Dear Evan Hansen" Got Its Start in DC - Washingtonian". 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  34. ↑ Staff, LA Times (2017-06-12). "2017 Tony Awards: The complete list of winners and nominees". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  35. ↑ Epp, Gerald (February 2012). "Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American Theater: Excellence, Creativity and Innovation". Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  36. ↑ Marks, Peters (10 April 2008). "Arena Stage to Expand Its Season From Eight to 10 Plays This Fall". The Washington Post .
  37. 1 2 3 4 Marks, Peter (February 17, 2010). "A new First Act". Washington Post. p. C1. Archived from the original on February 12, 2011.
  38. ↑ Zongker, Brett (Associated Press) (October 28, 2010). "DC's Arena Stage opens $135M home with big plans". Boston.com . Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  39. 1 2 3 Russell, James (27 October 2010). "Arena Stage 135 Million DC Revamp Makes Concrete Sexy". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P.
  40. ↑ BWW News Desk. "Arena Stage Updates Concessions and Dining Options with Catwalk Cafe", broadwayworld.com, 10 August 2011
  41. ↑ Architects, Thom (February 3, 2011). "Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American Theater". www.architectmagazine.com. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
  42. ↑ "Cafe-Parking - Complete Your Experience". www.arenastage.org. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  43. ↑ BWW News Desk. "Arena Stage to Start Construction on $125-Million Renovation". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  44. 1 2 Paller, Rebecca."From Alaska to DC With Arena Stage's New Director, Molly D. Smith", Playbill: Arena Stage, February 5, 1998
  45. ↑ "Arena Stage Announces 10-Show Lineup for 2017–18 Season". American Theatre Magazine. March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  46. ↑ "Arena's 2018–19 Season to Feature New Tom Kitt/Nell Benjamin Musicalurl=https://www.americantheatre.org/2018/02/27/arenas-2018-19-season-to-feature-new-tom-kitt-nell-benjamin-musical/". American Theatre Magazine. 27 February 2018.
  47. ↑ "Arena Stage announces its 10 play season for 2019-2020". dctheatrescene.com. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  48. ↑ FIERBERG, RUTHIE (October 27, 2019). "How Casting Newsgirls and Younger Paper Boys Puts Newsies in a Whole New Light".
  49. ↑ Gans, Andrew (September 3, 2021). "Arena Stage Launches 2021-2022 Season September 3 With Toni Stone". Playbill.
  50. ↑ "Arena Stage announces robust lineup for September reopening". WTOP News. 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  51. ↑ Hall, Margaret (April 28, 2022). "Ride the Cyclone, Angels in America In the Round, More Part of D.C.'s Arena Stage 2022-2023 Season".
  52. 1 2 Libraries, George Mason (August 18, 2022). "Guide to the Arena Stage records, 1949-2010".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.