Arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifold

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In mathematics, more precisely in group theory and hyperbolic geometry, Arithmetic Kleinian groups are a special class of Kleinian groups constructed using orders in quaternion algebras. They are particular instances of arithmetic groups. An arithmetic hyperbolic three-manifold is the quotient of hyperbolic space by an arithmetic Kleinian group. These manifolds include some particularly beautiful or remarkable examples.

Contents

Definition and examples

Quaternion algebras

A quaternion algebra over a field is a four-dimensional central simple -algebra. A quaternion algebra has a basis where and .

A quaternion algebra is said to be split over if it is isomorphic as an -algebra to the algebra of matrices ; a quaternion algebra over an algebraically closed field is always split.

If is an embedding of into a field we shall denote by the algebra obtained by extending scalars from to where we view as a subfield of via .

Arithmetic Kleinian groups

A subgroup of is said to be derived from a quaternion algebra if it can be obtained through the following construction. Let be a number field which has exactly two embeddings into whose image is not contained in (one conjugate to the other). Let be a quaternion algebra over such that for any embedding the algebra is isomorphic to the Hamilton quaternions. Next we need an order in . Let be the group of elements in of reduced norm 1 and let be its image in via . We then consider the Kleinian group obtained as the image in of .

The main fact about these groups is that they are discrete subgroups and they have finite covolume for the Haar measure on . Moreover, the construction above yields a cocompact subgroup if and only if the algebra is not split over . The discreteness is a rather immediate consequence of the fact that is only split at its complex embeddings. The finiteness of covolume is harder to prove. [1]

An arithmetic Kleinian group is any subgroup of which is commensurable to a group derived from a quaternion algebra. It follows immediately from this definition that arithmetic Kleinian groups are discrete and of finite covolume (this means that they are lattices in ).

Examples

Examples are provided by taking to be an imaginary quadratic field, and where is the ring of integers of (for example and ). The groups thus obtained are the Bianchi groups. They are not cocompact, and any arithmetic Kleinian group which is not commensurable to a conjugate of a Bianchi group is cocompact.

If is any quaternion algebra over an imaginary quadratic number field which is not isomorphic to a matrix algebra then the unit groups of orders in are cocompact.

Trace field of arithmetic manifolds

The invariant trace field of a Kleinian group (or, through the monodromy image of the fundamental group, of an hyperbolic manifold) is the field generated by the traces of the squares of its elements. In the case of an arithmetic manifold whose fundamental groups is commensurable with that of a manifold derived from a quaternion algebra over a number field the invariant trace field equals .

One can in fact characterise arithmetic manifolds through the traces of the elements of their fundamental group. A Kleinian group is an arithmetic group if and only if the following three conditions are realised:

Geometry and spectrum of arithmetic hyperbolic three-manifolds

Volume formula

For the volume an arithmetic three manifold derived from a maximal order in a quaternion algebra over a number field we have the expression: [2]

where are the discriminants of respectively, is the Dedekind zeta function of and .

Finiteness results

A consequence of the volume formula in the previous paragraph is that

Given there are at most finitely many arithmetic hyperbolic 3–manifolds with volume less than .

This is in contrast with the fact that hyperbolic Dehn surgery can be used to produce infinitely many non-isometric hyperbolic 3-manifolds with bounded volume. In particular, a corollary is that given a cusped hyperbolic manifold, at most finitely many Dehn surgeries on it can yield an arithmetic hyperbolic manifold.

Remarkable arithmetic hyperbolic three-manifolds

The Weeks manifold is the hyperbolic three-manifold of smallest volume [3] and the Meyerhoff manifold is the one of next smallest volume.

The complement in the three—sphere of the figure-eight knot is an arithmetic hyperbolic three—manifold [4] and attains the smallest volume among all cusped hyperbolic three-manifolds. [5]

Spectrum and Ramanujan conjectures

The Ramanujan conjecture for automorphic forms on over a number field would imply that for any congruence cover of an arithmetic three-manifold (derived from a quaternion algebra) the spectrum of the Laplace operator is contained in .

Arithmetic manifolds in three-dimensional topology

Many of Thurston's conjectures (for example the virtually Haken conjecture), now all known to be true following the work of Ian Agol, [6] were checked first for arithmetic manifolds by using specific methods. [7] In some arithmetic cases the Virtual Haken conjecture is known by general means but it is not known if its solution can be arrived at by purely arithmetic means (for instance, by finding a congruence subgroup with positive first Betti number).

Arithmetic manifolds can be used to give examples of manifolds with large injectivity radius whose first Betti number vanishes. [8] [9]

A remark by William Thurston is that arithmetic manifolds "...often seem to have special beauty." [10] This can be substantiated by results showing that the relation between topology and geometry for these manifolds is much more predictable than in general. For example:

Notes

  1. Maclachlan & Reid 2003, Theorem 8.1.2.
  2. Maclachlan & Reid 2003, Theorem 11.1.3.
  3. Milley, Peter (2009). "Minimum volume hyperbolic 3-manifolds". Journal of Topology. 2: 181–192. arXiv: 0809.0346 . doi:10.1112/jtopol/jtp006. MR   2499442. S2CID   3095292.
  4. Riley, Robert (1975). "A quadratic parabolic group". Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 77 (2): 281–288. Bibcode:1975MPCPS..77..281R. doi:10.1017/s0305004100051094. MR   0412416.
  5. Cao, Chun; Meyerhoff, G. Robert (2001). "The orientable cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds of minimum volume". Invent. Math. 146 (3): 451–478. Bibcode:2001InMat.146..451C. doi:10.1007/s002220100167. MR   1869847. S2CID   123298695.
  6. Agol, Ian (2013). With an appendix by Ian Agol, Daniel Groves, and Jason Manning. "The virtual Haken conjecture". Documenta Mathematica. 18: 1045–1087. MR   3104553.
  7. Lackenby, Marc; Long, Darren D.; Reid, Alan W. (2008). "Covering spaces of arithmetic 3-orbifolds". International Mathematics Research Notices . 2008. arXiv: math/0601677 . doi:10.1093/imrn/rnn036. MR   2426753.
  8. Calegari, Frank; Dunfield, Nathan (2006). "Automorphic forms and rational homology 3-spheres". Geometry & Topology . 10: 295–329. arXiv: math/0508271 . doi:10.2140/gt.2006.10.295. MR   2224458. S2CID   5506430.
  9. Boston, Nigel; Ellenberg, Jordan (2006). "Pro-p groups and towers of rational homology spheres". Geometry & Topology . 10: 331–334. arXiv: 0902.4567 . doi:10.2140/gt.2006.10.331. MR   2224459. S2CID   14889934.
  10. Thurston, William (1982). "Three-dimensional manifolds, Kleinian groups and hyperbolic geometry". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society . 6 (3): 357–381. doi: 10.1090/s0273-0979-1982-15003-0 .
  11. Biringer, Ian; Souto, Juan (2011). "A finiteness theorem for hyperbolic 3-manifolds". J. London Math. Soc. Second Series. 84: 227–242. arXiv: 0901.0300 . doi:10.1112/jlms/jdq106. S2CID   11488751.
  12. Gromov, Misha; Guth, Larry (2012). "Generalizations of the Kolmogorov-Barzdin embedding estimates". Duke Math. J. 161 (13): 2549–2603. arXiv: 1103.3423 . doi:10.1215/00127094-1812840. S2CID   7295856.

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