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Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species, the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. Many, but not all oysters, are in the superfamily Ostreoidea.
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Bivalvia, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. As a group, bivalves have no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs, like the radula and the odontophore. The class includes the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, as well as a number of families that live in freshwater. The majority are filter feeders. The gills have evolved into ctenidia, specialised organs for feeding and breathing. Most bivalves bury themselves in sediment, where they are relatively safe from predation. Others lie on the sea floor or attach themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces. Some bivalves, such as the scallops and file shells, can swim. Shipworms bore into wood, clay, or stone and live inside these substances.
Nacre, also known as mother of pearl, is an organic–inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer. It is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent.
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Cultured pearls are pearls which are formed within a cultured pearl sac with human intervention in the interior of productive living molluscs in a variety of conditions depending upon the mollusc and the goals. Having the same material as natural pearls, cultured pearls can be cultivated in seawater or freshwater bodies. Nowadays, over 95% of the pearls available on the market would be cultured pearls.
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The periostracum is a thin, organic coating that is the outermost layer of the shell of many shelled animals, including molluscs and brachiopods. Among molluscs, it is primarily seen in snails and clams, i.e. in gastropods and bivalves, but it is also found in cephalopods such as Allonautilus scrobiculatus. The periostracum is an integral part of the shell, and it forms as the shell forms, along with the other shell layers. The periostracum is used to protect the organism from corrosion.
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A bivalve shell is part of the body, the exoskeleton or shell, of a bivalve mollusk. In life, the shell of this class of mollusks is composed of two hinged parts or valves. Bivalves are very common in essentially all aquatic locales, including saltwater, brackish water, and freshwater. The shells of bivalves commonly wash up on beaches and along the edges of lakes, rivers, and streams. Bivalves by definition possess two shells or valves, a "right valve" and a "left valve", that are joined by a ligament. The two valves usually articulate with one another using structures known as "teeth" which are situated along the hinge line. In many bivalve shells, the two valves are symmetrical along the hinge line—when truly symmetrical, such an animal is said to be equivalved; if the valves vary from each other in size or shape, inequivalved. If symmetrical front-to-back, the valves are said to be equilateral, and are otherwise considered inequilateral.
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Lustrin A is an insoluble protein used in the production of a nacreous layer in bivalve molluscs. It contributes to the properties of the nacreous layer, imparting resistance to cracking and elasticity. This is accomplished by its structure; it consists of many spring-like units which can expand when the shell is under extensional pressure. Its structure is similar to that of proteins involved in silica deposition in diatoms. It consists of 1428 amino acid residues. Its molecular weight is estimated to be 142 kDa. Its terminus consists of a protease inhibitor, which contributes to its longevity in the molluscan shell matrix.
Family with sequence similarity 98, member A, or FAM98A, is a gene that in the human genome encodes the FAM98A protein. FAM98A has two paralogs in humans, FAM98B and FAM98C. All three are characterized by DUF2465, a conserved domain shown to bind to RNA. FAM98A is also characterized by a glycine-rich C-terminal domain. FAM98A also has homologs in vertebrates and invertebrates and has distant homologs in choanoflagellates and green algae.
The NE-tag is a synthetic peptide tag designed as an epitope tag for detection, quantification and purification of recombinant protein. This patented peptide sequence is composed of eighteen hydrophilic amino acids. This short peptide does not adopt any significant homology to any existing proteins found in nature. This synthetic NE peptide adopts random coil conformation and showing strong immunogenicity. This is advantageous to offer stringent specificity to the NE-tagged proteins, which are readily to be detected, quantitated, and purified.
References
- ↑ Tsukamoto, D; Sarashina, I; Endo, K (2004). "Structure and expression of an unusually acidic matrix protein of pearl oyster shells". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 320 (4): 1175–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.072. PMID 15249213.
- ↑ Kozlowski, LP (2016). "IPC - Isoelectric Point Calculator". Biology Direct. 11 (1): 55. doi: 10.1186/s13062-016-0159-9 . PMC 5075173 . PMID 27769290.
- ↑ Isowa, Y; Sarashina, I; Setiamarga, DHE; Endo, K (2012). "A comparative study of the shell matrix protein aspein in pterioid bivalves". J Mol Evol. 75 (1–2): 11–8. Bibcode:2012JMolE..75...11I. doi:10.1007/s00239-012-9514-3. PMID 22922907. S2CID 253774645.
- ↑ Takeuchi, T; Sarashina, I; Iijima, M; Endo, K (2008). "In vitro regulation of CaCO(3) crystal polymorphism by the highly acidic molluscan shell protein aspein". FEBS Lett. 582 (5): 591–6. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.026 . PMID 18242173.