Last updated • 2 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Prussian army officer (1780–1847)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2013)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the German article.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Otto August Rühle von Lilienstern]]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Otto August Rühle von Lilienstern}} to the talk page.
August Otto Rühle von Lilienstern, born 1780, died 1847. Prussian officer, joined Scharnhorst's Academy for Officers in the same class as Carl von Clausewitz. Later, they both taught at the Prussian General War School, which would become the Prussian War Academy, and Rühle became Clausewitz' second successor as its director. Rühle published many articles, kept official war diaries, and wrote a two-volume Manual for the Officer for Education in Peace and for Use in Action (Handbuch für den Offizier zur Belehrung im Frieden und zum Gebrauch im Felde), published in Berlin in 1817 and 1818. Lilienstern and Clausewitz, teaching at the same school at the time of publication of this manual, were in agreement on many points. For example, they agreed that war was political in nature (which was neither a novel nor a controversial idea) and that war was a Zweikampf. (That is, literally a "two-struggle," usually translated into English as "duel," though in fact the imagery and metaphor that Clausewitz pursued was a wrestling match.) Clausewitz made these ideas famous in his book On War. Their common views on such issues can be traced to the nature of the military intellectual community in Prussia and the common influence of Gerhard von Scharnhorst.
Lilienstern was a close friend of the landscape painter Caspar David Friedrich and his writing contributed to modern research of the artist.
Further reading
For a modern English translation of excerpts of Handbuch für den Offizier zur Belehrung im Frieden und zum Gebrauch im Felde, (Berlin: G. Reimer, 1817, 1818), see Beatrice Heuser: The Strategy Makers: Thoughts on War and Society from Machiavelli to Clausewitz (Santa Monica, CA: Greenwood/Praeger, 2010), ISBN978-0-275-99826-4, pp.171–190.
Jacek Jędrysiak: Prussian Strategic Thought 1815–1830: Beyond Clausewitz, Leiden 2020: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN978-90-04-43842-2. p. 470 et seq.
Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst was a Hanoverian-born general in Prussian service from 1801. As the first Chief of the Prussian General Staff, he was noted for his military theories, his reforms of the Prussian army, and his leadership during the Napoleonic Wars. Scharnhorst limited the use of corporal punishments, established promotion for merit, abolished the enrollment of foreigners, began the organization of a reserve army, and organized and simplified the military administration.
August Wilhelm Antonius Graf Neidhardt von Gneisenau was a Prussian field marshal. He was a prominent figure in the reform of the Prussian military and the War of Liberation.
Friedrich Karl Ferdinand Freiherr von Müffling, nicknamed Weiss was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall and military theorist. He served as Blücher's liaison officer in Wellington's headquarters during the Battle of Waterloo and was one of the organizers of the final victory over Napoleon. After the wars he served a diplomatic role at the Congress of Aix-la-Chappelle and was a major contributor to the development of the Prussian General Staff as Chief. Müffling also specialized in military topography and cartography.
Wilhelm Johann Carl Eduard Stieber was Otto von Bismarck's master spy and director of the Prussian Feldgendarmerie. Stieber was both an agent of domestic surveillance and an external agent. Along with Joseph Fouché, he invented modern information gathering.
Johannes Voigt was a German historian born in Bettenhausen, which today is situated in the district of Schmalkalden-Meiningen.
August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome was a German economist and statistician, and Professor of Cameralism at the University of Giessen. He is known particularly for his 1782 product map of Europe, which is considered by some as the earliest known printed economic map and thematic map.
The siege of Kolberg took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars. An army of the First French Empire and several foreign auxiliaries of France besieged the fortified town of Kolberg, the only remaining Prussian-held fortress in the Province of Pomerania. The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the Peace of Tilsit.
Ernst Julius Gurlt was a German surgeon born in Berlin. He was the son of veterinarian Ernst Friedrich Gurlt (1794–1882).
Hermann Jäger was born at Münchenbernsdorf, Saxony. A botanist specializing in medicinal plants and horticulture, he was Associate Editor of the journal Gartenflora, founded in 1852 by Eduard von Regel, from 1857 until his death.
Hans Paasche was a German politician and pacifist. He was the son of the Reichstag vice president Hermann Paasche and Lisi Paasche, and was married to Gabriele (Ellen) Witting.
Lorenz von Westenrieder was a well-known author and historian in Bavaria and a critic of the Elector Karl Theordor and supporter of Maximilian IV Joseph. There are several memorials to him in Munich.
Ludwig Johann Karl Gregor Eusebius Freiherr Roth von Schreckenstein was a Prussian General of the cavalry and Minister of War.
Prince Frederick William Henry Augustus of Prussia was a Prussian royal and general. Born on Friedrichsfelde Palace, he was the youngest son of Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia, the brother of King Frederick the Great, and Margravine Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt.
Heinz Schilling is a German historian.
Karl Georg Heinrich Bernhard von Poten, known as Bernhard von Poten, was a royal Prussian colonel best known for his military writing.
Friedrich Altrichter was a German officer, last in the rank of Generalleutnant of the Wehrmacht. He was also an influential military writer and military instructor at the Dresden military academy from 1936 to 1939. He was a divisional commander during World War II. Notable divisional command posts held by Altrichter included the 1st, 58th and 154th Infantry Divisions.
Werner Gembruch was a German historian.
Salomo Sachs was a Jewish Prussian architect, astronomer, Prussian building official, mathematician, drawing teacher for architecture, teacher for machine drawings, building economist, writer, author of non-fiction and textbooks and universal scholar. He attained the rank of a royal building inspector and with his cousin Major Meno Burg they were the only men in the Prussian civil service who had not renounced their Jewish faith.
Johannes Kunisch was a German historian. He held chairs of early modern history at the Goethe University Frankfurt. (1972-1976) and the University of Cologne (1976–2002). Through his publications Kunisch became one of the leading German early modern historians. His biography Frederick the Great, published in 2004 and widely acclaimed, gave lasting impulses to Prussian research.
Prince Waldemar of Prussia was a son of Prince Wilhelm of Prussia and Landgravine Marie Anna of Hesse-Homburg. He was a Major general in the Prussian Army and a traveller.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
