Aundha Nagnath Temple is an ancient and significant temple of Lord Shiva located at Aundha Nagnath in the Hingoli district of Maharashtra, India. It is identified as the eighth (Jyotirlinga) among the twelve revered Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. This site is not merely a religious center but also a remarkable confluence of history, architecture, deep faith, and rich culture. The temple boasts a history spanning thousands of years, witnessing significant events from the time of the Pandavas of the Mahabharata to the Yadava dynasty and subsequent regimes. The miraculous story of the temple turning due to the immense devotion of Sant Namdev further enhances the site's importance. The surrounding scenic mountain ranges, Aundha Lake, historical Kunds (tanks), and Baravs (stepwells) add to the site's grandeur. The magnificent Rathotsav (chariot festival) celebrated during Mahashivratri testifies to its living traditions.
The history of Aundha Nagnath Temple is very ancient and somewhat enigmatic. According to mythological belief, the original temple was built by the Pandavas during their exile (Vanavasa), specifically during their period of hiding (Agyatavasa) as mentioned in the Mahabharata. It is believed that Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, constructed this temple, bestowing special sanctity upon the place. While this mythological narrative lacks concrete historical evidence, it points towards the temple's antiquity and the deep-rooted faith it holds in the public consciousness.
According to Puranic tradition, the ancient name of this area was Darukavan. As per the story in the Shiva Purana:
Daruka Rakshasa: A demon named 'Daruka' (or a demoness 'Darukaa' in some versions) resided in this forest. He had received a boon from Goddess Parvati that allowed him to move his entire forest (Darukavan) wherever he wished.
A Devotee Named Supriya: Daruka troubled many people and had imprisoned a Shiva devotee named 'Supriya'.
Manifestation of Shiva: Supriya continued his worship of Shiva even in captivity. Pleased by his devotion, Lord Shiva manifested there and vanquished the demon Daruka.
Establishment of the Jyotirlinga: At the request of the devotees, Lord Shiva established himself there permanently in the form of a Jyotirlinga named 'Nagesh' or 'Nagnath'. The forest where this occurred was 'Darukavan'.
Therefore, devotees of Aundha Nagnath believe this site to be the mythological 'Darukavan', where the Nagesh Jyotirlinga manifested. (Note: Claims about the location of 'Darukavan' and the original Nageshwar Jyotirlinga are also made for other sites in India, such as the Nageshwar Jyotirlinga temple near Dwarka in Gujarat. However, Aundha Nagnath is the prominent and widely accepted belief in Maharashtra.)
Historical Construction: Yadavas and Hemadpanti Style
Historically, the period of the temple's original construction is generally placed around the 13th century CE, during the reign of the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri (Daulatabad). Temple architecture flourished in Maharashtra during the rule of Yadava kings like Singhana II, Raja Mahadeva, and Raja Ramachandra. Their Prime Minister, Hemadri Pandit (Hemadpant), developed a distinctive architectural style known as 'Hemadpanti'. This style involved constructing grand temples using black stone meticulously interlocked without the use of mortar. The original Aundha Nagnath temple is considered an excellent example of this style. The Garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum) in the basement and some carvings on the lower parts of the outer walls are remnants of this original structure.
Subsequently, due to invasions by the Delhi Sultanate, particularly during the reigns of Alauddin Khilji (1296–1316) or Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–1351), the Yadava kingdom of Devagiri was destroyed. Many historians believe that the temple suffered significant damage during this period, or later during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Punyashlok Ahilyabai Holkar and Temple Renovation
The credit for the renovation of the Aundha Nagnath Temple is largely attributed to Punyashlok Ahilyabai Holkar (1725–1795), the ruler of the Holkar state of Indore. Ahilyabai Holkar undertook the restoration of numerous important temples across India, especially Jyotirlingas and major pilgrimage sites. Her work on the current structure of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, the renovation of the Somnath Temple, and contributions to sites like Grishneshwar, Bhimashankar, Omkareshwar, and Mallikarjuna are well-known.
According to popular belief, after the destruction of the original Yadava-era temple, much of it lay in a state of neglect. Recognizing the importance of the site, Ahilyabai undertook its renovation. This work likely included the reconstruction of the upper parts of the temple, the Shikara (spire), repairs to the premises, and the creation of some facilities for devotees. Notably, the current Shikara exhibits a style different from the original Hemadpanti, bearing resemblance to Maratha-era architecture, which is linked to Ahilyabai's time.
It is important to note that concrete and contemporary historical evidence (like Holkar state documents or inscriptions) confirming Ahilyabai Holkar's renovation of Aundha Nagnath is limited. Nevertheless, according to popular belief and tradition, her contribution to the present existence of the Aundha Nagnath temple is considered significant, and it is believed that her efforts made this Jyotirlinga site accessible once again to a large number of devotees.
Architecture
The architecture of Aundha Nagnath Temple presents a fascinating blend of two distinct periods and styles:
Original Hemadpanti Structure (Basement and Outer Base): The main Garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum) is located underground in a basement and belongs to the original Yadava period (13th century) construction. The lower sections of the external walls feature exquisite Hemadpanti-style carvings. These include idols of deities, scenes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana, elephants, horses, warriors, dancers, and various geometric patterns. The carving is highly intricate and detailed.
Later Construction (Upper Part and Shikara): The upper part of the temple, especially the Sabha Mandap (assembly hall) and the Shikara (spire), were rebuilt in a later period (likely the 18th century, during the Maratha period, associated with Ahilyabai's renovation). The use of bricks and lime mortar is evident in this construction. The style of the Shikara differs from original Hemadpanti spires and resembles those found in Maratha-era temples.
Basement Garbhagriha: This is the most unique architectural feature of Aundha Nagnath. Devotees must descend a few steps into a small, confined space to have darshan (viewing) of the main Jyotirlinga. This arrangement lends a sense of mystery and personal connection to the darshan experience.
Nandi and Entrance: Due to the legend of Sant Namdev, the temple's main entrance faces west, unlike the traditional east-facing entrances. There is no Nandi statue in front of the west-facing door. The main Nandi is located at the rear (east) side of the temple in a separate small pavilion, symbolizing the temple's turned state.
Religious and Mythological Significance
The religious and mythological significance of Aundha Nagnath Temple is immense:
Jyotirlinga: It is one of the twelve sacred Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva. A Jyotirlinga represents Shiva's self-manifested, radiant pillar of light. Having darshan here is considered highly meritorious. The name 'Nagnath' (Lord of Serpents) leads to the belief that this site grants liberation from Sarpa Doshas (afflictions related to snakes). It is an important center for Kalasarpa Yoga Shanti Puja. According to some ancient texts (e.g., Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana), this is the eighth Jyotirlinga.
Pandava Connection: The legend that the Pandavas from the Mahabharata built this temple underscores its antiquity and sanctity.
Sant Namdev and the Turning of the Temple: This is a significant event in the life of the great Varkari saint Namdev (1270–1350). While Namdev was performing Kirtan (devotional singing), the priests of the time pushed him away from the front to the back of the temple. Legend holds that Namdev prayed earnestly, and Shiva, pleased with his devotion, turned the entire temple around so that the main entrance (Mahadwar) faced Namdev (towards the west). The current structure (west-facing entrance, Nandi at the rear) is believed to confirm this story. This makes the site extremely important for the Varkari sect as well.
Darukavan and the Slaying of the Demon: The story of Shiva manifesting here to slay the demon Daruka/Daruk, who harassed the devotee Supriya, and then residing here as the 'Nagnath' Jyotirlinga is linked to the temple's origin.
Harihar Form: Aundha Nagnath is sometimes referred to as the "Harihar Jyotirlinga." The name 'Harihar' symbolizes the unity of Lord Vishnu (Hari) and Lord Shiva (Hara). The nearby 'Harihar Kund' reinforces this concept.
Features in the Vicinity
The surroundings of Aundha Nagnath Temple are also enriched with historical and natural sites:
Surrounding Mountain Ranges: The temple is situated in a natural basin-like area, flanked on all four sides by low-lying mountain ranges or hills. These hills are part of the Deccan Plateau and can be identified as extended branches of the Balaghat Range or local Hingoli ranges. They are not very high but are relatively spread out. They turn lush green during the Monsoon and appear somewhat barren in the summer. These ranges provide natural protection and tranquility to the temple premises, which must have been conducive to penance in ancient times.
Aundha Lake and Garden: Near the temple lies the large 'Aundha Lake'. On its banks, the temple trust has developed a beautiful and grand garden. It features green lawns, colorful flowerbeds, ornamental trees, benches for seating, play areas for children, and walking tracks. The panoramic view of the lake and the cool breeze make it an attraction for both devotees and local residents. It's an excellent place to relax after darshan.
Harihar Kund: Very close to the temple is an ancient sacred water tank (Kund) named 'Harihar Kund'. This tank is considered symbolic of the unity of Shiva (Har) and Vishnu (Hari). In ancient times, the custom might have been to bathe here or wash hands and feet before entering the temple. This Kund stands as a witness to the region's traditional water management systems.
Sasu-Sunechi Barav: Within the temple premises is a historical stepwell (Stepwell) known as 'Sasu-Sunechi Barav' (Mother-in-law and Daughter-in-law's Stepwell). Stepwells are important structures in Indian architecture, serving as sources of drinking water and places for social gathering. The name "Sasu-Sunechi Barav" might originate from local folklore (e.g., construction resulting from competition or cooperation between a mother-in-law and daughter-in-law). This stepwell is a fine example of medieval water management and holds historical and touristic importance.
Festivals and Traditions
Various festivals and traditions are celebrated with great enthusiasm at Aundha Nagnath Temple throughout the year:
Mahashivratri and Rathotsav: Mahashivratri, falling on the 14th day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Phalguna, is the biggest festival here. Lakhs of devotees gather for darshan. Prayers, Abhishek (ritual bathing of the lingam), fasting, and overnight vigils (jagaran) take place throughout the day. The main highlight at night is the grand 'Rathotsav' (chariot festival). The Utsav Murti (processional idol) of Lord Nagnath is placed in a tall, decorated chariot adorned with flowers, cloths, and lights. Thousands of devotees pull the chariot amidst chants of 'Har Har Mahadev' and 'Nagnath Maharaj ki Jai', accompanied by devotional singing groups (Bhajani Dindis) and traditional instruments. The spectacle under the night sky is breathtaking and unforgettable.
Shravan Month: The entire month of Shravan, especially every Shravan Somwar (Monday), is celebrated like a festival. Thousands of devotees, particularly youth, undertake the Kavad Yatra, traveling hundreds of kilometers on foot carrying Kavads (poles with water pots). They bring holy water from the Godavari River or other sacred rivers to offer as Jalabhishek (water offering) to Nagnath. This is a symbol of rigorous faith and tradition.
Vijayadashami (Dussehra): On this day, the temple's palanquin (Palkhi) is taken out of the village for 'Simollanghan' (ceremonial crossing of the border). The palanquin visits the Lavandeshwar temple (considered the maternal uncle of Nagnath) and then returns after a procession through the town.
Tripuri Purnima: On Kartik Purnima, a Deepotsav (festival of lights) is celebrated, with thousands of lamps lit in and around the temple.
Bhikshatan Tradition and Dindis: The Kavad Yatras during Shravan and the arrival of numerous Varkari Dindis (groups of pilgrims traveling on foot, singing bhajans) due to the connection with Sant Namdev symbolize the collective faith and the tradition of devotional journeys (akin to Bhikshatan). These Dindis travel along traditional routes, singing Abhangas, embodying discipline and collective devotion.
Archaeological Significance, Research, and Maintenance Status
Archaeological Significance: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared this temple a 'Nationally Protected Monument'. The original Hemadpanti Garbhagriha (13th century) and its carvings are considered prime examples of medieval sculpture.
Research: While studies have been conducted on the temple's history and architecture, there is scope for more research regarding the exact form of the original temple, the impact of invasions, and the precise timeline of reconstruction. Major excavations in the vicinity could yield more information.
Maintenance and Conservation: The temple is maintained by the ASI and the local Temple Trust. ASI handles the conservation of the stone structure, protection of carvings, and chemical treatments. The Trust manages cleanliness, facilities for devotees, and daily administration. However, conservation faces challenges due to increasing crowds, natural erosion, pollution, and resource constraints. Deterioration of stone and fading of carvings are visible in some places. Continuous and scientific maintenance is required.
Temple and Environment
Efforts are made to maintain the natural beauty of the Aundha Nagnath surroundings, similar to ancient pilgrimage sites. Sacred trees like Banyan, Peepal, Bel, and Neem are found on the temple premises. The Temple Trust and local citizens undertake tree plantation drives. The garden near Aundha Lake is an excellent example of preserving the relationship between nature and the pilgrimage site. A clean and peaceful environment is considered conducive to devotion.
Facilities for Devotees
To accommodate the growing number of devotees, the Temple Trust, government, and private entities provide several facilities:
Accommodation: Bhakta Niwas (devotee hostels), Yatri Niwas (pilgrim shelters), and numerous private lodges are available at reasonable rates.
Food: Annachhatras (free food centers) operate in many places, offering meals (Mahaprasad) for free or at nominal charges. Private eateries are also abundant.
Other Facilities: Drinking water, toilets, bathing facilities, ample parking, medical aid centers (especially during festivals), shops selling puja materials and prasad are available.
Financial Management of the Temple
The temple is managed by a registered Trust/Committee.
Sources of Income: Main sources include donations from devotees (donation boxes, online, cash), fees for Abhishek and special pujas, and income from Trust properties (e.g., shop rentals).
Expenditure: Income is used for salaries of priests and staff, temple maintenance and repairs, daily puja and offerings (Naivedya), utility bills, expenses for festivals and fairs, and running the Annachhatra.
Transparency: Efforts are made to maintain transparency in financial transactions. Accounts are audited, and proper receipts are issued for donations.
Folklore, Literature, and Traditions
Folklore and Oral Traditions: Stories of the Pandavas, Sant Namdev, and Darukasura are integral parts of the temple's history. It's also believed the name 'Nagnath' originated from snakes protecting the Shivalinga. Many devotees share experiences of wishes fulfilled, illnesses cured, or calamities averted after visiting Nagnath, highlighting its status as a 'Jagrut' (spiritually awake) site.
Literature, Poetry, Abhangas: Due to the direct connection with Sant Namdev, his Abhangas (devotional poems) and those of other Varkari saints (Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Eknath) are sung with great reverence. Local folk songs and Ovis also praise the glory of Nagnath. The continuous tradition of Bhajan and Kirtan gives the temple cultural vibrancy.
Local Economy
Aundha Nagnath Temple is the backbone of the local economy. Businesses like hotels, lodges, eateries, shops selling puja items, flower vendors, prasad sellers, transport providers (auto-rickshaws, taxis), and guides depend on the temple for their livelihood. Economic activity increases significantly during Mahashivratri, the Shravan month, and other festivals. Festivals are not just religious events but also occasions for economic turnover and social enthusiasm. Local villagers actively participate in organizing festivals.
Devotees' Experiences
Every devotee visiting Aundha Nagnath has a personal experience. Many find profound peace in the mysterious silence of the basement Garbhagriha. The ancient stone carvings offer a glimpse into history and artistry. The power of Sant Namdev's faith inspires many. Practical experiences, like waiting times during peak hours or minor issues with arrangements, also occur. Overall, one experiences a mix of intense devotion, historical significance, and the bustle of a pilgrimage fair.
Puja Rituals in the Temple
Various pujas and religious rituals are performed throughout the day:
Daily Pujas: The day begins with Kakad Aarti (dawn prayer), followed by Panchamrit Abhishek, Jalabhishek, Mahapuja, Naivedya (food offering), afternoon and evening Aartis. The temple closes after Shejarati (night prayer).
Special Pujas: Devotees can perform various pujas based on their wishes or needs. These include Rudrabhishek, Laghurudra, Maharudra (on special occasions), and Kalasarpa Yoga Dosha Nivaran Puja. Priests need to be contacted for these, and prescribed fees are applicable.
Abhishek: Devotees have the facility (subject to timings and rules) to perform Abhishek on the Jyotirlinga themselves or through priests.
Other Related Matters
Priests: The responsibility for performing temple rituals rests with hereditary or appointed priests.
Security Arrangements:Maharashtra Police and private security guards are deployed for temple security, especially during peak times. CCTV cameras are installed at important locations.
Use of Technology: Online facilities for donations might be available. A website providing information about the temple could be developed.
Social Work: The Temple Trust may also contribute to educational or social causes to some extent.
Conclusion
Aundha Nagnath Temple is not just a Jyotirlinga site; it is an impressive amalgamation of history, architecture, nature, popular faith, and living traditions. From the mythological references of the Pandavas, the Yadava-era Hemadpanti craftsmanship, the memory of Punyashlok Ahilyabai's renovation, the testimony to Sant Namdev's devotion, the grand Rathotsav, the surrounding scenic beauty, and historical structures (Kund, Barav) – all these elements collectively make the glory of this place unique. It is not merely a religious heritage but an invaluable cultural treasure of Maharashtra, whose preservation and conservation are essential.
References
Gazetteer of India, Maharashtra State, Osmanabad District (Aundha was formerly included in this district).
Aundha Nagnath (Nageshwaram) is a Temple in Hingoli District in the state of Maharashtra, India, an important place of pilgrimage.[3][4] The present temple is said to have been built by the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty and dates to 13th century.[1] The first temple is said to be from time of the Mahabharata and is believed to have been constructed by Yudhishthira, eldest of the Pandavas, when they were expelled for 14 years from Hastinapur.[2] It has been stated that the temple building was seven-storeyed before it was sacked by Aurangzeb.[5]
Structure
The temple covers an area of 669.60 sq mt (7200 sq ft) and height of 18.29m (60ft)[1][6] The total area in which temple campus is spread is about 60,000 sq. ft.[2] Apart from the religious significance, the temple itself is worth seeing for its beautiful carvings.[2] The base of the present temple is in Hemadpanti architecture although its upper portion was repaired during later period and is in the style which was prevalent during the Peshwa's regime.
The Jyotirlinga is located below the ground level accessed by two deep steps. The Aundha Nagnath premises also house 12 small temples for the 12 Jyotirlingas. Also with in the premises are 108 temples and 68 shrines, all belonging to Lord Shiva.[7]
Rebuilt
This temple was destroyed during Aurangzeb's conquests. The present standing temple was rebuilt by Ahilyabai Holkar.
Namdev met his guru, Visoba Khechara, at Aundha Nagnath Temple. He was advised to visit this temple by Jñāneśvar. According to the text Jñāndev Gatha, Jñāneśvar and Muktai instruct Namdev to journey to temple of Aundha Nagnath in search of a proper guru. In the temple, Namdev finds Visoba resting with his feet on the lingam, the symbol of Shiva. Namdev reproached him for having insulted Shiva. Visoba asked Namdev to place his feet elsewhere and wherever Namdev placed Visoba's feet, a lingam sprang up. Thus, through his yogic powers, Visoba filled the whole temple with Shiva-lingam and taught Namdev the omnipresence of God.[8][9]
There is one famous story told about Namdev and Aundha Nagnath temple. Once when he was chanting Bhajans in front of the temple with his senior gurus like Jñāneśvar, Visoba Khechara and few more Varkari, the temple pujari told them their singing in front of the temple is disturbing their routine pooja and prayers and asked them to go away from temple. The temple pujari told Bhagat Namdev, insulted him and said he is of lower caste and why he has come to the temple. Then Bhagat Namdev went back side of the temple and started singing bhajans there. But God, in order to be in the sight of the pining devotee and listen bhajans, revolved the temple.[10] It is testimonial to that miracle why Nandi is located on back side of temple.[10]
Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism is said to have visited Aundha Nagnath temple when he travelled this area and also visited Narsi Bamani, the birthplace of Namdev. It may be mentioned here that Namdev is also revered in Sikhism, as Bhagat Namdeo.[10][11]
1 2 3 4 "Aundha Nagnath". District Collectorate, Hingoli, Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
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