Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made. Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. The base material, however, is still overwhelmingly crude oil that is distilled and then modified physically and chemically. The actual synthesis process and composition of additives is generally a commercial trade secret and will vary among producers.
Berdiansk or Berdyansk is a port city in the Zaporizhzhia Oblast (province) in south-eastern Ukraine. It is on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov, which is the northern extension of the Black Sea. It serves as an administrative center of Berdiansk Raion (district), though it does not belong to the raion. The city is named after the river Berda forming Berdianska spit at the foot of which it is located. Berdiansk is home to a safari zoo, water park, museums, health resorts with mud baths and climatic treatments, and numerous water sport activities. It is currently under Russian military occupation.
MOL Plc., also commonly known as MOL Group, is a Hungarian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Budapest, Hungary. Members of MOL Group include among others the Croatian and Slovak formerly state-owned oil and gas companies, INA and Slovnaft. MOL is Hungary's most profitable enterprise, with net profits of $770 million in 2019. The company is also the third most valuable company in Central and Eastern Europe and placed 402 on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies in 2013 with a revenue equal to one fifth of Hungary's GDP at the time.
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic. Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature.
Fuchs Petrolub SE is a German multinational manufacturer of lubricants, and related speciality products.
Naftna Industrija Srbije is a Serbian multinational oil and gas company with headquarters in NIS building, Novi Sad, Serbia. NIS is one of the most profitable companies in Serbia and one of the largest domestic exporters. It employs around 11,000 people in Serbia and the region. As of May 2022, Gazprom Neft is the largest shareholder with 50% of NIS shares, followed by 29.87% owned by the Government of Serbia, 5% owned by Gazprom and rest by minority shareholders.
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is an Indian oil and gas refining company, headquartered in Mumbai. Since 2018, ONGC owns a majority stake in the company. The company is ranked 367th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016. On 24 October 2019, the company became a Maharatna PSU.
Tatneft is a Russian vertically integrated oil and gas company with headquarters in the city of Almetyevsk, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation. It is the fifth largest oil company in Russia and the eighth largest listed company in Russia by market capitalization. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Tatneft was ranked as the 539th-largest public company in the world.
Mitsui Chemicals is a Japanese chemicals company listed on the Nikkei with business interests in Japan, Europe, China, Southeast Asia and the USA. It is a part of the Mitsui conglomerate. The company mainly deals in performance materials, petrochemicals and basic chemicals and functional polymeric materials.
Solar power in Ukraine is obtained from photovoltaics or solar thermal energy. In 2011, 90% of electricity came from nuclear and coal. In order to reduce this, Ukraine adopted a feed-in tariff (FIT) which was one of the highest in the world - UAH 5.0509 per kWh. Europe's largest solar park at the time, the 100 MW Perovo Solar Park was completed at the end of 2011. High feed in tariffs do however run the risk of creating a short term boom in installations followed by a bust and stagnation especially when they remain fixed as was the case of Spain. Installations in Ukraine began to boom in 2018 but there remained a doubt that the expansion would be sustainable and the costs and benefits of the rapid development would be spread unequally.
PBF Energy Inc. is a petroleum refiner and supplier of unbranded transportation fuels, heating oils, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, and other petroleum products. Headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey, the company's refineries include facilities in Chalmette, Louisiana, Toledo, Ohio, Port of Paulsboro in Gibbstown, New Jersey, the Delaware City Refinery in Delaware City, the former ExxonMobil refinery in Torrance, California, and the former Shell refinery in Martinez, California. PBF produces a range of products including gasoline, ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD), heating oil, jet fuel, lubricants, petrochemicals and asphalt.
Indian Oil Corporation Limited is an Indian government-owned oil and gas explorer and producer, headquartered in New Delhi. It is a public sector undertaking whose operations are overseen by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. Indian Oil is ranked 212th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2021. It is the largest government owned oil corporation in the country, with a net profit of $6.1 billion for the financial year 2020-21. As of 31 March 2021, Indian Oil's employee strength is 31,648, out of which 17,762 are executives and 13,876 non-executives, while 2,775 are women, comprising 8.77% of the total workforce.
Sepahan Oil Company (SOC), established in 2002, is an oil refining independent company based in Tehran with its refining facilities located in Isfahan. In 2013, SOC began offering shares of stock on Tehran Stock Exchange. With the annual production capacity of more than 700,000 MT, SOC is now the largest producer of base oil in the Middle East. Under the brand name of Speedy, the company is one of the main producers of diesel and engine oils in the Mideast as well.
The Project 58155 Gyurza-M class is a series of small armored gunboats in service with the Ukrainian Navy. The first two vessels were laid down at the Kuznia na Rybalskomu shipbuilding plant in October 2012. Originally it was planned to build nine such vessels by 2017. In December 2013 the Ministry of Defence withdrew its contract. The class is named after the Levant viper, Гюрза, Hiurza, in Ukrainian.
In Ukraine, the share of renewables within the total energy mix is less than 5%. In 2020 10% of electricity was generated from renewables; made up of 5% hydro, 4% wind, and 1% solar. Biomass provides renewable heat.
Wind power in Ukraine is mostly in areas affected by the Russo-Ukrainian War. At the end of 2021 there was 1.7 gigawatts (GW) of wind power capacity. One GW was planned to be added in 2022, but the Russian invasion stalled development.
In 2021 biomass such as woodchips provided 9 percent of Ukraine’s heat production, for example for heating public buildings.
Sea Specialized Port Nika-Tera is a diversified port that provides stevedoring services for transshipment, storage, preparation, and dispatch of various goods in the region. The area of the approach channel and operating water area of the port is 67.4 hectares.
Lebedinsky Oil Plant is a Ukrainian oil refining enterprise. The company was founded in late 1994 with the support of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Oil Refining Industry "Masma" (Kyiv) on the basis of a former military facility as a company with a modern name. The design production capacity was 50 thousand tons per year.
Kremenchuk Steel Works is located in Kremenchuk, Poltava Oblast, Ukraine. The main activity of the plant is the production of cast parts, freight cars, auto coupling mechanisms, parts for KrAZ vehicles, custom castings for production, and other heavy industry enterprises. The plant was established in 1966.
