Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery

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Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) is a professional degree focused on Ayurveda offered in India, Nepal, [1] Bangladesh, [2] and Sri Lanka. [3]

Contents

Ayurveda is a type of alternative medicine, [4] [5] and the study of Ayurveda is pseudoscientific while the practice can be classified as protoscience or unscientific. [6]

About

A 2001 report from the World Health Organization noted that Ayurveda was widely practiced in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, [7] the four corresponding nations that offer the BAMS degree. Ayurveda was generally not integrated with the national health system of nations outside of the Indian subcontinent. [7]

India

In India, the curriculum includes the study of Ayurveda and corresponding Ayurvedic subjects such as Rachana Sharira, Kriya Sharira, Dravyuaguna, Svasthavritta and Yoga, Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vijnana, Kaya Chikitsa, Kaumara Bhritya, Prasuti Tantra, Shalya Tantra, Shalakya Tantra etc. along with human anatomy, physiology, pathology & diagnostic procedures, principles of medicine, pharmacology, toxicology, forensic medicine, E.N.T, gynecology & obstetrics, ophthalmology and principles of surgery from modern medicine. [8] The syllabus also includes ancient and medieval classics, sometimes in the Sanskrit language. [9] Institutions in India that offer the degree include the National Institute of Ayurveda and All India Institute of Ayurveda, Delhi.

In India, a student can go on to earn a master's degree in the form of MD (Ayurveda) and MS (Ayurveda), a PhD, and clinical doctorate degrees in traditional and complementary medicine at the university level. [10] [11] There are also opportunities to perform research, work in hospital and healthcare administration, and in health supervision. [12] [13]

In a report from 2020, the World Health Organization stated there was "a history of combining allopathic and traditional medicine systems in India, including through medical education." The WHO described AYUSH and conventional medical systems as "separate and parallel at the levels of governance, organisation, education and service delivery." [10] A nation-wide survey conducted by the researchers of the Banaras Hindu University in 2009, which included a total of 1022 students and teachers of Ayurveda, revealed that the graduates possessing a BAMS degree generally lack required exposure to essential clinical skills. [14] In another paper derived from the same study, the authors have identified multiple global challenges being faced by the Ayurveda education sector. [15]

Permission to practice medicine

BAMS graduates have been permitted to practice medicine in the state of Maharashtra. [16] [17] In the state of Karnataka, BAMS doctors appointed in primary health centres in rural areas can practice modern-medicine in case of "emergencies". [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayurveda</span> Alternative medicine with roots in India

Ayurveda is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. It is heavily practiced throughout India and Nepal, where as much as 80% of the population report using ayurveda. The theory and practice of ayurveda is pseudoscientific and toxic metals such as lead are used as ingredients in many ayurvedic medicines.

Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health (MVAH) is a form of alternative medicine founded in the mid-1980s by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who developed the Transcendental Meditation technique (TM). Distinct from traditional ayurveda, it emphasizes the role of consciousness, and gives importance to positive emotions. Maharishi Ayur-Veda has been variously characterized as emerging from, and consistently reflecting, the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy, representing the entirety of the ayurvedic tradition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allopathic medicine</span> Term for science-based, modern medicine

Allopathic medicine, or allopathy, is an archaic and derogatory label originally used by 19th-century homeopaths to describe heroic medicine, the precursor of modern evidence-based medicine. There are regional variations in usage of the term. In the United States, the term is sometimes used to contrast with osteopathic medicine, especially in the field of medical education. In India, the term is used to distinguish conventional modern medicine from Siddha medicine, Ayurveda, homeopathy, Unani and other alternative and traditional medicine traditions, especially when comparing treatments and drugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unani medicine</span> Traditional medicine from the Mughal empire

Unani or Yunani medicine is Perso-Arabic traditional medicine as practiced in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. Unani medicine is pseudoscientific. The Indian Medical Association describes Unani practitioners who claim to practice medicine as quacks.

<i>Dosha</i> Ayurvedic medicine concept

Dosha is a central term in ayurveda originating from Sanskrit, which can be translated as "that which can cause problems", and which refers to three categories or types of substances that are believed to be present conceptually in a person's body and mind. These Dosha are assigned specific qualities and functions. These qualities and functions are affected by external and internal stimuli received by the body. Beginning with twentieth-century ayurvedic literature, the "three-dosha theory" has described how the quantities and qualities of three fundamental types of substances called wind, bile, and phlegm fluctuate in the body according to the seasons, time of day, process of digestion, and several other factors and thereby determine changing conditions of growth, aging, health, and disease.

Agni in Samskrita means "fire", and according to Ayurveda, Agni happens to be the entity that is responsible for all digestive and metabolic processes in the human beings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siddha medicine</span> System of traditional medicine originating in southern India

Siddha medicine is a form of traditional medicine originating in southern India. It is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India. The Indian Medical Association regards Siddha medicine degrees as "fake" and Siddha therapies as quackery, posing a danger to national health due to absence of training in science-based medicine. Identifying fake medical practitioners without qualifications, the Supreme Court of India stated in 2018 that "unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people without having the requisite training and education in the science from approved institutions".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">M. S. Valiathan</span> Indian cardiac surgeon (1934–2024)

Marthanda Varma Sankaran Valiathan was an Indian cardiac surgeon. He was a president of the Indian National Science Academy and a National Research Professor of the Government of India.

The Ministry of Ayush, a ministry of the Government of India, is responsible for developing education, research and propagation of traditional medicine and alternative medicine systems in India. Ayush is a name devised from the names of the alternative healthcare systems covered by the ministry: ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa Rigpa, and homeopathy.

Bhushan Patwardhan is a highly cited biomedical scientist involved in transdisciplinary research on Ayurveda and traditional medicine. Currently, he is the National Research Professor-Ayush of the Central Council of Research in Arurvedic Sciences, Ministry of Ayush and a Distinguished Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, and Savitribai Phule Pune University. He is adjunct professor at National Institute of Complementary Medicine Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Institute of Ayurveda</span> Research institute of Ayurveda in India

The National Institute of Ayurveda is a research institute of Ayurvedic medicine, located in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">K. N. Udupa</span>

Kodethur Narasimha Udupa (1920–1992) was an Indian surgeon, medical administrator, a pioneer of integrative medicine and the founder director of the Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU). Born in Udupi in the South Indian state of Karnataka, His father was Tamayya Udupa scholar in Sanskrit and Jyotish belonging to Shivalli brahmin community. He passed his bachelor's degree in Ayurvedic Medicine (AMS) from Banares Hindu University, secured his master's degree (MS) from the University of Michigan in 1948 and passed FRCS examination from Canada.

Vaidya Balendu Prakash is an Indian Ayurveda practitioner. He is a former physician to the President of India and the founder of Paadav, a specialty Ayurvedic hospital in Dehradun. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the Padma Shri in 1999.

Paneenazhikath Narayana Vasudeva Kurup was an Indian Ayurvedic practitioner, researcher, writer and the founder director of the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRIMH). He is a former vice chancellor of the Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar and a former advisor of the Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. He has published several articles and a book, A Handbook on Indian Medicinal Plants, on the traditional Indian medicine system, The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2005, for his contributions to Indian medicine.

Ram Harsh Singh is an Indian practitioner of the Ayurveda system of alternative medicine and the founder vice chancellor of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University. An Emeritus Professor of Banaras Hindu University and a National Professor of the Ministry of AYUSH of the Government of India, he was conferred with the fourth highest civilian honour of Padma Shri, in 2016.

The Nepal Ayurvedic Medical Council (NAMC) is a statutory body for establishing uniform and high standards of Ayurvedic medical education in Nepal. Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in ancient Hindu Culture. The modern practices Ayurvedic Medicine derived from Ayurveda traditions are a type of complementary or alternative medicine.

The Doctor of Medicine in Ayurveda or Ayurveda Vachaspati is a three-year masters-level course in the alternative medical system of Ayurveda. It is offered in some medical colleges in India and Sri Lanka. Selection to the course is generally done by a competitive national-level written entrance examination known as the All India AYUSH Post Graduate Entrance Test (AIAPGET), which is open to candidates with a Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine, and Surgery.

BGR-34 is an Ayurvedic-derived product that is sold in India as an over-the-counter pill for the management of type 2 diabetes. It was developed in 2015 by two government-owned laboratories and launched commercially in 2016. It has been tested in only one, modest-sized, human trial. The drug has been heavily criticized, and without more clinical trials, its efficacy remains unproven. The manufacturers have refused to acknowledge the claims of inefficacy and other concerns.

Clinical trials on ayurveda refers to any clinical trials done on ayurvedic treatment. Ayurveda is a traditional medicine system in India and like other cultural medical practices includes both conventional medicine and also complementary and alternative medicine. When there are clinical trials in ayurveda, the focus tends to be on practices in alternative medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J.B. Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital</span> Ayurvedic medical college and hospital

J.B. Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital is a ayurvedic medical college and hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was established in 1916 and one of the oldest ayurvedic medical college in West Bengal. This ayurvedic college is affiliated with the West Bengal University of Health Sciences. This college is also recognized by the Ministry of Ayush, Government of India. It offers BAMS degree course.

References

  1. ↑ "Ayurveda Campus Institute of Medicine". www.iom.edu.np. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  2. ↑ "Alternative Medical Care : WHO extends support for modernization" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  3. ↑ "Programme Review Report: Bachelor of Ayurveda Medicine and Surgery" (PDF). Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute University of Kelaniya. 2020.
  4. ↑ Smith, Frederick M.; Wujastyk, Dagmar (2008). "Introduction". In Smith, Frederick M.; Wujastyk, Dagmar (eds.). Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms. New York, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 1–28. ISBN   9780791478165. OCLC   244771011.
  5. ↑ "A Closer Look at Ayurvedic Medicine". Focus on Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 12 (4). Bethesda, Maryland: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Fall 2005 – Winter 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-12-09.
  6. ↑ Semple D, Smyth R (2013). Chapter 1: Psychomythology (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-19-969388-7.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. 1 2 "Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  8. ↑ "Central Council of Indian Medicine:: Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India". www.ccimindia.org. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  9. ↑ Warrier, Maya (2008). "Seekership, Spirituality and Self-Discovery: Ayurveda Trainees in Britain". Asian Medicine. 4 (2): 423–451. doi:10.1163/157342009X12526658783691. ISSN   1573-420X. PMC   2898496 . PMID   20617123.
  10. 1 2 "Traditional medicine in the WHO South-East Asia Region Review of progress 2014–2019" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2020.
  11. ↑ Shah, Sandeep. "Regular Courses available in Ayurveda" (PDF). Ministry of AYUSH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  12. ↑ Pitkar, Urmila A. (2010). "Career options after Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery". International Journal of Ayurveda Research. 1 (3): 192–194. doi: 10.4103/0974-7788.72495 . ISSN   0974-7788. PMC   2996581 . PMID   21170215.
  13. ↑ Thomas, Shibu (10 July 2012). BAMS doctor can apply for post of health supervisor: HC The Times of India (Accessed on 11 July 2012)
  14. ↑ Patwardhan, Kishor; Gehlot, Sangeeta; Singh, Girish; Rathore, H. C. S. (2011). "The Ayurveda Education in India: How Well Are the Graduates Exposed to Basic Clinical Skills?". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011 (1): 197391. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep113. ISSN   1741-4288. PMC   3095267 . PMID   19687194.
  15. ↑ Patwardhan, Kishor; Gehlot, Sangeeta; Singh, Girish; Rathore, H. C. S. (January 2010). "Global challenges of graduate level Ayurvedic education: A survey". International Journal of Ayurveda Research. 1 (1): 49–54. doi: 10.4103/0974-7788.59945 . ISSN   0974-925X. PMC   2876920 . PMID   20532099.
  16. ↑ Kulkarni, Prasad (7 July 2012). Maharashtra: Ayurvedadoctors to go on strike on July 10 Times of India (Accessed on 11 July 2012)
  17. ↑ "Now, unani, ayurveda practitioners can prescribe allopathy medicines, perform surgeries". The Indian Express. February 28, 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  18. ↑ Yasmeen, Afshan (2017-01-06). "Karnataka Ayuh doctors can now prescribe allopathic drugs during emergencies". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
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