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Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury,trauma,bodily harm or other physical suffering to another person or animal by way of bodily contact. In most cases,children are the victims of physical abuse,but adults can also be victims,as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence,and may also include sexual abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser,and more than one victim.
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is described in clinical literature as a severe and relatively uncommon disorder that can affect children,although these issues do occasionally persist into adulthood. RAD is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts. It can take the form of a persistent failure to initiate or respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way—known as the "inhibited form". In the DSM-5,the "disinhibited form" is considered a separate diagnosis named "disinhibited attachment disorder".
Child abuse is physical,sexual,and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children,especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child and can occur in a child's home,or in the organizations,schools,or communities the child interacts with.
Attachment therapy is a pseudoscientific child mental health intervention intended to treat attachment disorders. It is found primarily in the United States,and much of it is centered in about a dozen clinics in Evergreen,Colorado,where Foster Cline,one of the founders,established his clinic in the 1970s.
Advocates for Children in Therapy (ACT) is a U.S. advocacy group founded by Jean Mercer and opposed to attachment therapy and related treatments. The organization opposes a number of psychotherapeutic techniques which are potentially or actually harmful to the children who undergo them. The group's mission is to provide advocacy by "raising general public awareness of the dangers and cruelty" of practices related to attachment therapy. According to the group,"ACT works to mobilize parents,professionals,private and governmental regulators,prosecutors,juries,and legislators to end the physical torture and emotional abuse that is Attachment Therapy."
Sexual abuse or sex abuse,also referred to as molestation,is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another. Molestation often refers to an instance of sexual assault against a small child,whereas sexual abuse is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults.
Sibling abuse includes the physical,psychological,or sexual abuse of one sibling by another. More often than not,the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling,however this is not always the case. Sibling abuse is the most common of family violence in the US,but the least reported. As opposed to sibling rivalry,sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.
Charles H. Zeanah Jr. is a child and adolescent psychiatrist who is a member of the council (Board) of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP).
Child sexual abuse (CSA),also called child molestation,is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child,indecent exposure,child grooming,and child sexual exploitation,such as using a child to produce child pornography.
Attachment-based therapy applies to interventions or approaches based on attachment theory,originated by John Bowlby. These range from individual therapeutic approaches to public health programs to interventions specifically designed for foster carers. Although attachment theory has become a major scientific theory of socioemotional development with one of the broadest,deepest research lines in modern psychology,attachment theory has,until recently,been less clinically applied than theories with far less empirical support. This may be partly due to lack of attention paid to clinical application by Bowlby himself and partly due to broader meanings of the word 'attachment' used amongst practitioners. It may also be partly due to the mistaken association of attachment theory with the pseudo-scientific interventions misleadingly known as attachment therapy. The approaches set out below are examples of recent clinical applications of attachment theory by mainstream attachment theorists and clinicians and are aimed at infants or children who have developed or are at risk of developing less desirable,insecure attachment styles or an attachment disorder.
The National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) is a national center that was established within the Children's Bureau,Department of Health and Human Services,an agency of the Federal government of the United States. It was created by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974.
Institutional abuse is the maltreatment of a person from a system of power. This can range from acts similar to home-based child abuse,such as neglect,physical and sexual abuse,and hunger,to the effects of assistance programs working below acceptable service standards,or relying on harsh or unfair ways to modify behavior. Institutional abuse occurs within emergency care facilities such as foster homes,group homes,kinship care homes,and pre-adoptive homes. Children who are placed in this type of out of home care are typically in the custody of the state. The maltreatment is usually caused by an employee of the facility.
The Center for Child and Family Health (CCFH) is a collaboration between Duke University,The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,North Carolina Central University,Child &Parent Support Services,and the community,created to improve prevention and treatment of childhood trauma. Founded in 1996,CCFH has benefited approximately 16,000 children through direct treatment and established training programs. In addition to services delivered in the state of North Carolina,CCFH has provided assistance in the aftermath of national tragedies such as 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina.
David L. Corwin is a board-certified psychiatrist,child and adolescent psychiatrist,and forensic psychiatrist. Corwin has done extensive work into the long-term impact of child violence and abuse on health,and has promoted family support and treatment programs. Corwin has worked as a consultant,a lecturer,a trainer,and an evaluator of suspected or known child sexual abuse cases throughout many countries,as well as serving as an expert witness of child sexual abuse cases. Corwin has founded,directed or chaired groups that serve to advance prevention and protection against child violence and abuse,as well as furthering the education and research of the impact of child abuse.
Cathy Spatz Widom is a psychologist and professor known for her research in the fields of early childhood abuse and neglect. She has received the AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research in 1989,the Edwin H. Sutherland Award in 2013,and the Stockholm Prize in Criminology in 2016. She was co-editor of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology from 2010 to 2013. Widom has conducted research to determine the long term consequences of early childhood physical and sexual abuse and child neglect.
David L. Chadwick was an American clinical and research pediatrician,author,founder of the Chadwick Center for Children and Autism Discovery Institute in San Diego,and director emeritus at Rady Children's Hospital. He became an international pioneer in identifying,treating and preventing child abuse and a recognized expert in the field who started a movement.
Karen Jill Saywitz was an American psychologist,author,and educator. She worked as a developmental and clinical psychologist and professor at the UCLA School of Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Development. For more than 20 years Saywitz taught child development and was director of several mental health programs for families. She also developed "non-leading" techniques for interviewing child witnesses and victims,based on cognitive and developmental psychology principles. She died of cancer in 2018.
Daphne Blunt Bugental was a psychologist known for her research on parent-child relationships,infant and child maltreatment,and family violence. At the time of her death,she was Professor Emerita of Psychology at the University of California,Santa Barbara.
Apryl A. Alexander is an American clinical and forensic psychologist who is an associate professor at the University of Denver. Alexander directs students at the Denver Forensic Institute for Research,Service and Training,and engages in clinical psychology practice. She is co-founder of the University of Denver's Prison Arts Initiative where incarcerated individuals engage in a therapeutic,educational arts curricula.
Maureen Christina Kenny Winick is an American psychologist. She is a Full Professor in the Department of Psychology at Florida International University. Kenny's work has focused on examining mandatory reporters,such as teachers,compliance with their ethical and legal obligation to report suspected child maltreatment.
References
- ↑ "Center for Child Policy - Experts". centerforchildpolicy.org. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ↑ "BARBARA BONNER, Ph.D." College of Arts and Sciences. 2016-09-02. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ↑ "OU Medicine Department of Pediatrics".
- 1 2 "About us | National Center on the Sexual Behavior of Youth". www.ncsby.org. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ↑ "Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2018-11-06.
- 1 2 3 "Barbara L. Bonner: Award for Distinguished Contributions of Applications of Psychology to Education and Training". American Psychologist. 69 (8): 789–791. 2014. doi:10.1037/a0037854. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 25486157.
- ↑ "Nicholas Hobbs Award". www.apadivisions.org. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ↑ "History". ISPCAN. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ↑ "APSAC Awards". apsac.memberclicks.net. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ↑ "The Association for Women in Communications Past Byliner Award Winners" (PDF).
- ↑ "OU to Study Treatment Of Child Sex Offenders". NewsOK.com. 1993-01-17. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ↑ Walker, C. Eugene; Bonner, Barbara L.; Kaufman, Keith L. (1988). The physically and sexually abused child: Evaluation and treatment (1st ed.). New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0080327693. OCLC 15518385.
- ↑ "Taking Action booklets – Help for Families & Caregivers". Safer Society Foundation. 2015. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ↑ Chaffin, Mark; Bonner, Barbara L; Hill, Robert F (2001). "Family preservation and family support programs: child maltreatment outcomes across client risk levels and program types". Child Abuse & Neglect. 25 (10): 1269–1289. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00275-7. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 11720379.
- ↑ "Awards for November 2002 - Youth Today". youthtoday.org. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
