Kofi Atta Annan was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh secretary-general of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006. Annan and the UN were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. He was the founder and chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation,as well as chairman of The Elders,an international organisation founded by Nelson Mandela.
Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai,commonly known as Dr. Najib,was an Afghan communist politician who served as the General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan,the leader of the one-party ruling Democratic Republic of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992 and as well as the President of Afghanistan from 1987 until his resignation in April 1992,shortly after which the mujahideen took over Kabul. After a failed attempt to flee to India,Najibullah remained in Kabul. He lived in the United Nations headquarters until his assassination by the Taliban after their capture of the city.
The Oil-for-Food Programme (OIP),established by the United Nations in 1995 was established to allow Iraq to sell oil on the world market in exchange for food,medicine,and other humanitarian needs for ordinary Iraqi citizens without allowing Iraq to boost its military capabilities.
The following lists events that happened during 2001 in Afghanistan.
Dileep Nair is a Singaporean diplomat and bureaucrat,who was the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services and head of the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services. In that capacity,he oversaw investigations of wrongdoings related to the United Nations in a range of countries including within the headquarters. The Oil-for-food scandal was initially investigated by Dileep Nair's office before turning it over to the investigating body headed by former United States Federal Reserve Chairman,Paul Volcker.
United Nations Security Council resolution 1483,adopted on 22 May 2003,after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait,the Council lifted trade sanctions against Iraq and terminated the Oil-for-Food Programme.
Claudia Rosett is an American writer and journalist. A former staff writer for The Wall Street Journal,she writes a foreign affairs column for Forbes,blogs for PJ Media,makes guest appearances on television and radio,and is attached to the Independent Women’s Forum and the London Centre for Policy Research. Her recent work has focussed on North Korea,Iran,the United Nations and,with emphasis on merchant vessel tracking,methods of sanctions evasion.
The sanctions against Iraq were a comprehensive financial and trade embargo imposed by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) on Iraq. They began August 6,1990,four days after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait,stayed largely in force until May 22,2003,and persisted in part,including reparations to Kuwait. The original stated purposes of the sanctions were to compel Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait,to pay reparations,and to disclose and eliminate any weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In December 2021,Iraq's central bank announced that it had paid off its entire debt of $52 billion in war reparations to Kuwait.
Oilgate is a South African political scandal in which the petrol company Imvume Holdings was accused of paying R11 millions of state money to the ruling African National Congress shortly before the 2004 General Election. The money had been received from the state oil company,PetroSA,as part of an advance payment for a quantity of oil condensate that had been procured from Glencore,an international company.
The rationale for the Iraq War,both the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent hostilities,was controversial. The George W. Bush administration began actively pressing for military intervention in Iraq in late 2001. The primary rationalization for the Iraq War was articulated by a joint resolution of the United States Congress known as the Iraq Resolution. The US claimed the intent was to "disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction,to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism,and to free the Iraqi people".
The Cole Inquiry,formally the Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme,was a Royal Commission established by the Australian government pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act 1902 to investigate "whether decisions,actions,conduct or payments by Australian companies mentioned in the Volcker Inquiry into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme breached any Federal,State or Territory law."
Trevor James Flugge is an Australian farmer and businessman. He is best known as a former official of the Australian Wheat Board (AWB). He joined the board in 1984,was chair of AWB in 1995–2002,and was present at meetings in Iraq which were linked to the Oil-for-Food scandal,and an inquiry by the United Nations.
The following lists events that happened during 1992 in Afghanistan.
The Oil-for-Food Program Hearings were held by the U.S Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations beginning in 2004 to investigate abuses of the United Nations (UN) Oil-for-Food Programme in which the economically sanctioned country of Iraq was intended to be able to sell limited amounts of oil in exchange for vital food and medicine for its population.
The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was the government of Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992. It was recognised diplomatically by only eight countries which were allies of the Soviet Union. It was ideologically close to and economically and militarily dependent on the Soviet Union,and was a major belligerent of the Afghan Civil War.
Samir Vincent also known as Samir Ambrose Vincent is an ethnic Assyrian Iraqi American that pleaded guilty in January 2005 to being an illegal agent for Saddam Hussein's government and helping to skim money from the Oil-for-Food Programme which earned him millions of dollars in the process.
The AWB oil-for-wheat scandal refers to the payment of kickbacks to the regime of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in contravention of the United Nations Oil-for-Food Humanitarian Programme. AWB Limited is a major grain marketing organisation based in Australia. For much of the 20th and early 21st century,it was an Australian Government entity operating a single desk regime over Australian wheat,meaning it had the sold ability to export Australian wheat,which it paid a single,fixed price for. In the mid-2000s,it was found to have been,through middlemen,paying kickbacks to the regime of Saddam Hussein,in exchange for lucrative wheat contracts. This was in direct contradiction of United Nations Sanctions,and of Australian law.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1958,adopted on December 15,2010,after recalling resolutions 986 (1995),1472 (2003),1476 (2003),1483 (2003) and 1546 (2004) on the situation in Iraq,the Council terminated the residual activities of the Oil-for-Food Programme.
Backstabbing for Beginners is a 2018 political thriller film directed and co-written by Per Fly,and based on the memoirs of Michael Soussan. It follows the real life corruption scandal in the UN Oil-for-Food Programme,and stars Theo James and Ben Kingsley.
Michael Soussan is a Danish-born reporter,writer and whistleblower. He lives in Los Angeles,California.
