Uto-Aztecan languages are divided into two groups, Northern and Southern Uto-Aztecan languages. They are spoken in the southwestern United States, north and central Mexico, and in Central America.
Luke's gospel was completed in 2006 and published by Wycliffe Bible Translators.
Beverly Crum published her translation of Mark into Shoshone in 1986. This was published by the U.S. Center for World Missions
Mark was translated into Comanche language (Uto-Aztecan languages) by Elliot Canonge of Wycliffe Bible Translators, and was published by the American Bible Society in 1958 as Mark-ha tsaatü narümu'ipü̲.An edition of the Gospel of Mark, containing a Commanche Language Key, was published by authority of Big Cove Baptist Church, Cherokee, NC, and distributed by the Global Bible Society.
John and Joy Anderson of Wycliffe Bible Translators published a translation into Northern Paiute of Mark's gospel in 1977 and the whole New Testament in 1985.
Translation | John 3:16 |
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Wycliffe 1985 | Te Naa noꞌoko numu ka teepu-koobatu besa soobedyana, tu besa dooa tamme-koobatoo nemawuni. Tooe haga tooe nu-kwi tunakaꞌoedyukudu gi yaꞌekwu ooosapa gwetzoinnummekwu. |
The four gospels was published in 1929 by the American Bible Society. The New Testament was first published in 1972. It seems to mainly have been the work of Jonathan Ekstrom and Starlie "Elsie" Polacca.[ citation needed ]
Translation | John 3:16 | |
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Pi God sinom amumi tutskwa, oviy pam maqa pam sukw tiy tavi, oviy qatso'taqat nap peq pam, qani mooki, oviy as himuy'vani qatsi. | Wycliffe 20 | Pi God sinmuy amumi pas unaṅway’kȧ ṅw kahk ̇ awnaqe, ōviy pas sūkw tiy tavi, nāp hak ̇ put aw tuptsiwhqa qa hovalniwht, qatsit qaso’taqat himuy’vani. |
Shortly after the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Alonso de Molina translated the Doctrina christiana into Nahuatl, which was printed in 1546. [1] The Spanish priest Bernardino de Sahagún attempted to translate the whole Bible into Nahuatl in order to make the Nahua understand the Word of God, but this was forbidden by the Inquisition in Sevilla on 10 May 1576. [2]
It was not until the 20th century that the whole New Testament was translated into this language, when Protestant missionaries, at that time mainly from North America, started to translate the Scriptures into several Native Central American languages. Since then, according to the Summer Institute of Linguistics, the New Testament has been translated into 11 varieties of Nahuatl – Northern Puebla Nahuatl [ncj] (1979), Sierra Puebla Nahuatl [azz] (1979), Tetelcingo Nahuatl [nhg] (1980), Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl [nhe] (1984), Western Huasteca Nahuatl [nhw] (1986), Guerrero Nahuatl [ngu] (1987), Michoacán Nahuatl [ncl] (1998), Central Huasteca Nahuatl [nch] (2005), Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl [nhy] (2006), Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl [npl] (2011), and Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl [nhi] (2012) –, and the whole Bible into the three varieties Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl [nhe] (2005), Western Huasteca Nahuatl [nhw] (2004), and Central Huasteca Nahuatl [nch] (2005). [3]
The Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl translation of the whole Bible and most of the Nahuatl translations of the New Testament have been accessible on internet Bible portals since about 2012. [4] [5] [6]
The Protestant Nahuatl Bible translations have been criticized by representatives of the Catholic Church as “full of doctrinal and cultural errors”. [7] After a workshop of Nahuatl-speaking Catholics, mainly priests, from various regions of Mexico, the bishop of San Cristóbal de las Casas, Felipe Arizmendi Esquivel, announced in August 2012 the formation of a catholic National Nahuatl Commission for a single translation of the whole Bible into Nahuatl, which is to be understood by the speakers of different Nahuatl varieties. However, a date for completion has not been mentioned. [8] [9]
Translation | John (Juan) 3:16 |
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Itlajtol toteco, Ya ni nopa yancuic tlajtoli tlen toteco toca mocajtoc, WHBL, NT 1984, Bible 2005 (Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl, text in both editions identical) | Toteco nelía miyac quinicnelía nochi tlacame ipan ni tlaltepactli huan yeca quititlanqui Icone iyojtzi para miquis ininpampa. Huan queja nopa nochi tlen quineltocase, ax polihuise, pero quipiyase yolistli tlen yancuic para nochipa. |
In Yancuic Tlahtolsintilil, 2012 (Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl) | ’Dios tlailiuis oquintlasohtlac in tlalticpactlacameh, ica non octemactih nisintiConetzin, para nochi naquin tlaniltocas inauac amo mapohpoliui, yehyeh macpia in yolilistli tlen ica in sintitl nochipa. |
In Yencuic Iyectlajtoltzin Dios itech ica toTeco Jesucristo, 1987 (Guerrero Nahuatl) | Tej, Dios sanoyej oquintlajsojtlac on tlalticpactlacamej hasta oquitemacac isenteConetzin para nochi on aquin quineltocas xpolihuis, yej quipias yencuic nemilistli para nochipa. |
The Bible is being translated into the Pipil or Nawat language, spoken by a minority in El Salvador. This translation is being done by Alan R. King, a linguist with "Ne Bibliaj Tik Nawat". The Bible is being translated from the original languages. The New Testament is complete, and work is ongoing on the Old Testament.
Translation | John 3:16 |
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NBTN | ika kiane kitasujtak ne Teut ne taltikpak ken hasta tamakak ne itelpuch ne isel kipiatuya pal muchi ne kiyulmatit ma inte puliwikan asunte ma yujyultuk senpa. |
The New Testament in the O'odham language (Uto-Aztecan family) of the O'odham of the Sonoran Desert of southeastern Arizona and northwest Mexico was translated by Dean and Lucille Saxton of Wycliffe Bible Translators. It was published by The World Home Bible League and The Canadian Home Bible League in 1975. Work is being done on the Old Testament.
Translation | John 3:16 |
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Wycliffe 1975 | Pegih neh, ab o si t-tatchua g Jiosh ch hiwigi g e-alithag mat am i e thagito k e muhkith am t-wehhejed mach d pi ap chu'ijkam. Kut pi wo bei g s-ko'ok e-namkithadag matp hedai ab wo hiwig k wabshaba g pi ha huhugetham thoakag wo bei. |
Portions, 1994 [10]
Wycliffe Bible Translators' Tarahumara New Testament was published in the 1972. This was preceded by the gospels and acts being published in 1969. Little Flock Christian Fellowship updated the New testament and published both on the Internet. LFCF's updates were mostly dealing with the orthography.
Translation | John (Juani) 3:16 |
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Wycliffe 1972 | Mapujiti echi Huarubera Riosi ne huabe careri jena'í huichimóbachi piréami pagótami. Echijiti nijari birepi quepu Raná, mapurigá ne si'néami pagótami. mapu iquí gará bichíio echi Binoy jiti, quetasi mapurigá suhuíami niráa níima, chopi sinibí piréami níima Riosi yuhua. |
LFCF 2010 | Mapujiti echi Warubéra Riosi ne wabé kareri jena'í wichimóbachi piréami pagótami. Echijiti nijari birepi kepu Raná, mapurigá ne si'néami pagótami. mapu ikí gará bichíko echi Binoy jiti, ketasi mapurigá suwíami nirá níma, chopi sinibí piréami níma Riosi yuwa. |
New Testament, 2007
Translation | John (Juani) 3:16 |
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Peninsula Bible Church, 2007 | Onorúgameka 'we galele ralámuli, alekeri bo'né bi'lepi Inolá júlale napurigá alué 'símala ralámuli gu'iria. Suwábaga ralámuli napu ekí 'la Onorúgame Inolá oyérame ju, alueka tabilé simámili júkuru injiérnochi. Alueka 'pa rewagachi simámili júkuru ejperélimia nabí. |
The New Testament, translated by Burton William Bascom and Marvel Bascom was published in 1981 by the World Home Bible League.
Translation | John 3:16 |
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World Home Bible League, 1981 | Diuusi sʌʌlicʌdʌ oigʌdai ʌoodami oidigi daama oidacami cascʌdʌ ootoi ʌgai gʌmara, mosaliʌʌmaduga ʌgai maradʌ, dai gʌmuaatu sai tomasioorʌ sioorʌ vaavoitudagi isʌgai ʌrʌcʌʌgacʌrʌ vuviadami camaiimi agai ʌDiaavora ʌʌmadu baiyoma imia agai tʌvaagiamu dai Diuusi ʌʌmadu oidaca agai tomastuigaco. |
The Bible League published John and Mary Dedrick's translation of the New Testament in 1977, a second edition was published in 2003.
Translation | John (Joan) 3:16 |
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Bible League, 2003 | ’Bweꞌituk juꞌu Lios, inim aniapo jukaꞌ yoemrata, tua aꞌ nakekai, aapo jukaꞌ wepul aꞌ yoemiata, jiokot au aꞌ bitneꞌ betchiꞌbo aꞌ suꞌu tojak. Junuen beja, siꞌime jumeꞌ aꞌ sualeme, inimeꞌe, ka jiba betchiꞌbo kokkoka, taa ala inimeꞌe, jiba yuu jiapsiwamta bem bitneꞌ betchiꞌbo. |
Partial Bible translations into languages of the English people can be traced back to the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. More than 100 complete translations into English have been written.
Wycliffe's Bible (WYC) is the name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English that were made under the direction of English theologian John Wycliffe. They appeared over a period from approximately 1382 to 1395. These Bible translations were the chief inspiration and chief cause of the Lollard movement, a pre-Reformation movement that rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the Catholic Church. In the early Middle Ages, most Western Christians encountered the Bible only in the form of oral versions of scriptures, verses and homilies in Latin. Though relatively few people could read at this time, Wycliffe's idea was to translate the Bible into the vernacular, saying "it helpeth Christian men to study the Gospel in that tongue in which they know best Christ's sentence".
Uto-Aztecan, Uto-Aztekan or Uto-Nahuatl is a family of indigenous languages of the Americas, consisting of over thirty languages. Uto-Aztecan languages are found almost entirely in the Western United States and Mexico. The name of the language family was created to show that it includes both the Ute language of Utah and the Nahuan languages of Mexico.
The Nahuan or Aztecan languages are those languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family that have undergone a sound change, known as Whorf's law, that changed an original *t to before *a. Subsequently, some Nahuan languages have changed this to or back to, but it can still be seen that the language went through a stage. The best known Nahuan language is Nahuatl. Nahuatl is spoken by about 1.7 million Nahua peoples.
Nawat is a Nahuan language native to Central America. It is the southernmost extant member of the Uto-Aztecan family. It was spoken in several parts of present-day Central America before the Spanish colonization, but now is mostly confined to western El Salvador. It has been on the verge of extinction in El Salvador and has already gone extinct elsewhere in Central America, but as of 2012 new second-language speakers are starting to appear.
Pochutec is an extinct Uto-Aztecan language of the Nahuan branch which was spoken in and around the town of Pochutla on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. In 1917 it was documented in a monograph by Franz Boas, who considered the language nearly extinct. In the 1970s another investigator found two speakers around Pochutla who still remembered a few of the words recorded by Boas.
Teotl is a Nahuatl term for sacredness or divinity that is sometimes translated as "god". For the Aztecs teotl was the metaphysical omnipresence upon which their religious philosophy was based.
Huasteca Nahuatl is a Nahuan language spoken by over a million people in the region of La Huasteca in Mexico, centered in the states of Hidalgo (Eastern) and San Luis Potosí (Western).
Sierra Puebla Nahuatl is one of the Eastern Peripheral varieties of Nahuatl, spoken by ethnic Nahua people in northwestern Puebla state in Mexico.
Bible translations in the Middle Ages discussions are rare in contrast to Late Antiquity, when the Bibles available to most Christians were in the local vernacular. In a process seen in many other religions, as languages changed, and in Western Europe languages with no tradition of being written down became dominant, the prevailing vernacular translations remained in place, despite gradually becoming sacred languages, incomprehensible to the majority of the population in many places. In Western Europe, the Latin Vulgate, itself originally a translation into the vernacular, was the standard text of the Bible, and full or partial translations into a vernacular language were uncommon until the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period.
Zacatlán Municipality is a municipality in Puebla in south-eastern Mexico. Its administrative centre is the city of Zacatlán.
Nahuatl, Aztec, or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about 1.7 million Nahua peoples, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have smaller populations in the United States.
A Protestant Bible is a Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestant Christians. Such Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament and 27 books of the New Testament, for a total of 66 books. Some Protestants use Bibles which also include 14 additional books in a section known as the Apocrypha bringing the total to 80 books. This is often contrasted with the 73 books of the Catholic Bible, which includes seven deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament. The division between protocanonical and deuterocanonical books is not accepted by all Protestants who simply view books as being canonical or not and therefore classify books found in the Deuterocanon, along with other books, as part of the Apocrypha. Sometimes the term "Protestant Bible" is simply used as a shorthand for a bible which contains only the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments.
The first Romanian Bible translation is the Calvinist Palia de la Orăștie from 1581/1582. The translators were Calvinist pastors from Transylvania. The first complete translation to Romanian was made in 1688. The Old Testament was translated by Moldavian-born Nicolae Milescu in Constantinople. The translator used as his source a Septuagint published in Frankfurt in 1597. The manuscript was afterwards revised in Moldova and later brought to Bucharest, where it was again subject to revision by a team of Wallachian scholars with the help of Şerban Cantacuzino and Constantin Brâncoveanu.
The complete Bible has been translated into three of the dialects of Inupiat language, the New Testament in two more and portions in another.
Proto-Uto-Aztecan is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Uto-Aztecan languages. Authorities on the history of the language group have usually placed the Proto-Uto-Aztecan homeland in the border region between the United States and Mexico, namely the upland regions of Arizona and New Mexico and the adjacent areas of the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua, roughly corresponding to the Sonoran Desert and the western part of the Chihuahuan Desert. It would have been spoken by Mesolithic foragers in Aridoamerica, about 5,000 years ago.
Biblical translations into the indigenous languages of North and South America have been produced since the 16th century.
The Athabaskan language family is divided into the Northern Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan and Southern Athabaskan groups. The full Bible has been translated into two Athabaskan languages, and the complete New Testament in five more. Another five have portions of the Bible translated into them. There are no Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages with portions of the Bible translated into them.
Elliott D. Canonge was an author and linguist who worked closely with the Comanche and Alaskan Inuit and Athabaskan groups in documenting their language and culture. Canonge worked primarily through grants by Wycliffe Bible Translators as well as related coursework with the Summer Institute of Linguistics on the campus of Oklahoma State University where he was a staff member and an alumnist. Notably, Canonge instructed Native American students to also conduct their own fieldwork, including documenting and speaking the language while many of his contemporaries were only translating the text into English.