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Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.
Chamaecyparis obtusa is a species of cypress native to central Japan in East Asia, and widely cultivated in the temperate northern hemisphere for its high-quality timber and ornamental qualities, with many cultivars commercially available.
Cycas is a genus of cycad, and the only genus in the family Cycadaceae. About 113 species are accepted, which are native to the Indo-Pacific, East Africa and Madagascar. Cycas circinalis, a species endemic to India, was the first cycad species to be described in western literature, and is the type species of the genus. The best-known Cycas species is Cycas revoluta.
Cycas revoluta is a species of gymnosperm in the family Cycadaceae, native to southern Japan including the Ryukyu Islands. It is one of several species used for the production of sago, as well as an ornamental plant. The sago cycad can be distinguished by a thick coat of fibers on its trunk. The sago cycad is sometimes mistakenly thought to be a palm, although the only similarity between the two is that they look similar and both produce seeds.
Naringenin is a flavanone from the flavonoid group of polyphenols and is commonly found in a variety of citrus fruits and is the predominant flavonone in grapefruit. Naringenin has demonstrated numerous biological activities, including anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant activity and skin healing. It is used as a cosmetic ingredient and dietary supplement.
The name Catuaba is used for the infusions of the bark of a number of trees native to Brazil. The most widely used barks are derived from the trees Trichilia catigua and Erythroxylum vaccinifolium. Other catuaba preparations use the bark of trees from the following genera or families: Anemopaegma, Ilex, Micropholis, Phyllanthus, Secondatia, Tetragastris and species from the Myrtaceae.
Cycas circinalis, also known as the queen sago, is a species of cycad known in the wild only from southern India. Cycas circinalis is the only gymnosperm species found among native Sri Lankan flora.
Emodin (6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is a chemical compound, of the anthraquinone family, that can be isolated from rhubarb, buckthorn, and Japanese knotweed. Emodin is particularly abundant in the roots of the Chinese rhubarb, knotweed and knotgrass as well as Hawaii ‘au‘auko‘i cassia seeds or coffee weed. It is specifically isolated from Rheum palmatum L. It is also produced by many species of fungi, including members of the genera Aspergillus, Pyrenochaeta, and Pestalotiopsis, inter alia. The common name is derived from Rheum emodi, a taxonomic synonym of Rheum australe, and synonyms include emodol, frangula emodin, rheum emodin, 3-methyl-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone, Schüttgelb (Schuttgelb), and Persian Berry Lake.
Polygodial is chemical compound found in dorrigo pepper, mountain pepper, horopito, canelo, paracress, water-pepper, and Dendrodoris limbata.
As baicalin is a flavone glycoside, it is a flavonoid. It is the glucuronide of baicalein.
Desmethoxyyangonin or 5,6-dehydrokavain is one of the six main kavalactones found in the Piper methysticum (kava) plant.
Taxifolin (5,7,3',4'-flavan-on-ol), also known as dihydroquercetin, belongs to the subclass flavanonols in the flavonoids, which in turn is a class of polyphenols. It is extracted from plants such as Siberian larch and milk thistle.
Amentoflavone is a biflavonoid constituent of a number of plants including Ginkgo biloba, Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki), Biophytum sensitivum, Selaginella tamariscina, Hypericum perforatum and Xerophyta plicata.
Matrine is an alkaloid found in plants from the genus Sophora. It has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer effects, as well as κ-opioid and μ-opioid receptor agonism.
Licochalcone A is a chalconoid, a type of natural phenol. It can be isolated from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) or Glycyrrhiza inflata. It shows antimalarial, anticancer, antibacterial and antiviral properties in vitro.
Velleral (2,2,8-trimethyl-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-1H-azulene-5,6-dicarbaldehyde) is a sesquiterpene dialdehyde found in certain mushrooms, like Lactarius torminosus and Lactarius vellereus, after which it was named. The compound is thought to be part of a chemical defense system that protects the mushrooms against predation. First isolated in 1969, and characterized structurally in 1973, velleral has antimicrobial activity. Several syntheses have been devised.
Sanguiin H-6 is an ellagitannin.
Toxicodendron succedaneum, the wax tree, Japanese Hazenoki tree (Sumac or wax tree), sơn in Vietnam or charão in Portuguese, is a flowering plant species in the genus Toxicodendron found in Asia, although it has been planted elsewhere, most notably Australia and New Zealand. It is a large shrub or tree, up to 8 m tall, somewhat similar to a sumac tree. Because of its beautiful autumn foliage, it has been planted outside Asia as an ornamental plant, often by gardeners who were apparently unaware of the dangers of allergic reactions. It is now officially classified as a noxious weed in Australia and New Zealand. It is one of the city tree symbols of Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
Flemingia macrophylla is a tropical woody leguminous shrub in the family Fabaceae. It is a multipurpose plant widely used in agriculture, crop improvement, fodder, dyes and for various therapeutic purposes. Perhaps, it is the most versatile species of Flemingia in terms of adaptation, medicinal and agricultural applications.
Pomiferin is a prenylated isoflavone that can be found along with osajin in the fruits and female flowers of the osage orange tree.
References
- ↑ Pegnyemb, Dieudonné Emmanuel; Mbing, Josephine Ngo; de Théodore Atchadé, Alex; Tih, Raphael Ghogomu; Sondengam, Beiban Lucas; Blond, Alain; Bodo, Bernard (July 2005). "Antimicrobial biflavonoids from the aerial parts of Ouratea sulcata". Phytochemistry . 66 (16): 1922–1926. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.017. PMID 16083925.
- ↑ Lin, Y. M.; Chen, F. C.; Lee, K. H. (April 1989). "Hinokiflavone, a cytotoxic principle from Rhus succedanea and the cytotoxicity of the related biflavonoids". Planta Med. 55 (2): 166–168. doi:10.1055/s-2006-961914. PMID 2526343.
- ↑ Krauze-Baranowska, M.; Pobłocka, L.; El-Hela, A. A. (September–October 2005). "Biflavones from Chamaecyparis obtusa". Z. Naturforsch. C . 60 (9–10): 679–685. doi: 10.1515/znc-2005-9-1004 . PMID 16320608.
- ↑ Moawad, Abeer; Hetta, Mona; Zjawiony, Jordan K.; Jacob, Melissa R.; Hifnawy, Mohamed; Marais, Jannie P. J.; Ferreira, Daneel (2010). "Phytochemical investigation of Cycas circinalis and Cycas revoluta leaflets: Moderately active antibacterial biflavonoids". Planta Med. 76 (8): 796–802. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1240743. PMC 3711132 . PMID 20072955.
- ↑ Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G (March 2018). "Agathisflavone and GABAAreceptors in the biflavone-mediated action on rat primary cortical neurons". Neurotoxicology. 66: 43–44. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.002. PMID 29530473.
- ↑ Dos Santos Souza C, Grangeiro MS, Lima Pereira EP, Dos Santos CC, da Silva AB, Sampaio GP, Ribeiro Figueiredo DD, David JM, David JP, da Silva VD, Butt AM, Lima Costa S (February 2018). "Agathisflavone, a flavonoid derived from Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.), enhances neuronal population and protects against glutamate excitotoxicity". Neurotoxicology. 65: 85–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.001. PMID 29425760. S2CID 3369726.
- ↑ Meselhy, Meselhy (31 July 2003). "Constituents from Moghat, the Roots of Glossostemon bruguieri (Desf.)". Molecules. MDPI. 8 (8): 614–621. doi: 10.3390/80800614 . PMC 6146927 .
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