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Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioural, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic design and general engineering of various structures for construction and human use, investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of other interventions that will produce desired outcomes.
Stormwater, also written storm water, is water that originates from precipitation (storm), including heavy rain and meltwater from hail and snow. Stormwater can soak into the soil (infiltrate) and become groundwater, be stored on depressed land surface in ponds and puddles, evaporate back into the atmosphere, or contribute to surface runoff. Most runoff is conveyed directly as surface water to nearby streams, rivers or other large water bodies without treatment.
Charles Morris Anderson is a landscape architect and fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, He is a Principal of the Phoenix-based landscape architecture firm, Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture, which is the continuation of his practice of the Seattle-based firm Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture.
A constructed wetland is an artificial wetland to treat sewage, greywater, stormwater runoff or industrial wastewater. It may also be designed for land reclamation after mining, or as a mitigation step for natural areas lost to land development. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that use the natural functions of vegetation, soil, and organisms to provide secondary treatment to wastewater. The design of the constructed wetland has to be adjusted according to the type of wastewater to be treated. Constructed wetlands have been used in both centralized and decentralized wastewater systems. Primary treatment is recommended when there is a large amount of suspended solids or soluble organic matter.
Ecological engineering uses ecology and engineering to predict, design, construct or restore, and manage ecosystems that integrate "human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both".
Bioswales are channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution. Bioswales can also be beneficial in recharging groundwater.
Michael Robert Van Valkenburgh is an American landscape architect and educator. He has worked on a wide variety of projects – including public parks, college campuses, sculpture gardens, corporate landscapes, private gardens, and urban master plans – in the U.S., Canada, Europe and Asia. He has taught at Harvard's Graduate School of Design Since 1982 and served as chair of its Landscape Architecture Department from 1991 to 1996.
A sustainable city, eco-city, or green city is a city designed with consideration for the social, economic, and environmental impact, as well as a resilient habitat for existing populations. This is done in a way that does not compromise the ability of future generations to experience the same. The UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 defines sustainable cities as those that are dedicated to achieving green sustainability, social sustainability and economic sustainability. In accordance with the UN Sustainable Development Goal 11, a sustainable city is defined as one that is dedicated to achieving green, social, and economic sustainability. They are committed to this objective by facilitating opportunities for all through a design that prioritizes inclusivity as well as maintaining a sustainable economic growth. Furthermore, the objective is to minimize the inputs of energy, water, and food, and to drastically reduce waste, as well as the outputs of heat, air pollution. Richard Register, a visual artist, first coined the term ecocity in his 1987 book Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future, where he offers innovative city planning solutions that would work anywhere. Other leading figures who envisioned sustainable cities are architect Paul F Downton, who later founded the company Ecopolis Pty Ltd, as well as authors Timothy Beatley and Steffen Lehmann, who have written extensively on the subject. The field of industrial ecology is sometimes used in planning these cities.
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Green infrastructure or blue-green infrastructure refers to a network that provides the “ingredients” for solving urban and climatic challenges by building with nature. The main components of this approach include stormwater management, climate adaptation, the reduction of heat stress, increasing biodiversity, food production, better air quality, sustainable energy production, clean water, and healthy soils, as well as more anthropocentric functions, such as increased quality of life through recreation and the provision of shade and shelter in and around towns and cities. Green infrastructure also serves to provide an ecological framework for social, economic, and environmental health of the surroundings. More recently scholars and activists have also called for green infrastructure that promotes social inclusion and equity rather than reinforcing pre-existing structures of unequal access to nature-based services.
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Anne Whiston Spirn is an American landscape architect, photographer and author. Her work promotes community-oriented spaces that are functional, sustainable, meaningful, and artful. Spirn is Cecil and Ida Green Distinguished Professor of Landscape Architecture and Planning in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning of the MIT School of Architecture and Planning. She is the 2001 winner of the International Cosmos Prize.
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A sponge city is a new urban planning model in China that emphasizes flood management via strengthening green infrastructures instead of purely relying on drainage systems, proposed by Chinese researchers in early 2000 and accepted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the State Council as nationwide urban construction policy in 2014. The concept of sponge cities is that urban flooding, water shortage, and heat island effect can be alleviated by having more urban parks, gardens, green spaces, wetlands, nature strips, and permeable pavings, which will both improve ecological biodiversity for urban wildlife and reduce flash floods by serving as reservoirs for capturing, retaining, and absorbing excess storm water. Harvested rainwater can be repurposed for irrigation and treated for home use if needed. It is a form of a sustainable drainage system on an urban scale and beyond.
References
- ↑ Perl, Larry. "Based in a former horse barn, Biohabitats creates new ecosystems". Trif Alatzas. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ↑ "Porous pavement gets another tryout in Maryland". The Baltimore Sun, July 19, 2014. Timothy B. Wheeler
- ↑ "Why We Must Put Nature Back to Work". The Huffington Post. March 20, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ↑ Holmes, Damian (September 22, 2011). "Galveston Island State Park" . Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ↑ Hopey, Don (August 17, 2006). "Nine Mile Run back in natural state". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ↑ Bain, Daniel; Copeland, Erin (December 2014). "Characterizing a Major Urban Stream Restoration Project: Nine Mile Run (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA)". Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 50 (6): 1608–1621. Bibcode:2014JAWRA..50.1608B. doi:10.1111/jawr.12225. S2CID 129851080.
- ↑ Foderaro, Lisa (June 21, 2012). "To tackle an invasive weed, bringing in the hooved pros". New York Times Company. p. A18. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
- ↑ "Based in a former horse barn, Biohabitats creates new ecosystems". Baltimore Sun, Larry Perl November 12, 2015.
- ↑ G-ForSE. "Innovations in Wastewater Reuse at Omnilife Stadium".
- ↑ Brown, Ted; Berg, J., and Underwood, K. (2010). "Regenerative Stormwater Conveyance: An Innovative Approach to Meet a Range of Stormwater Management and Ecological Goals". World Environmental and Water Resources Congress. 2010: 3399–3413.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Streb, Chris. "Building Floating Wetlands to Restore Urban Waterfronts and Community Partnerships". National Wetlands Newsletter. 35 (2): 24–27.
- ↑ Regenesis Group (August 2, 2016). Regenerative Development and Design: A Framework for Evolving Sustainability. Wiley. pp. 241–. ISBN 978-1-118-97291-5.
- ↑ Wheeler, T. "Scientists use algae to scrub harbor water". The Baltimore Sun, April 29, 2012.
- ↑ "Shoring Up the Shore". Philadelphia Weekly, By William Kenny Aug. 31, 2016
- ↑ Travis Beck (February 1, 2013). Principles of Ecological Landscape Design. Island Press. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-1-59726-702-1.
- ↑ "The Dixon Water Foundation Josey Pavilion". The American Institute of Architects. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ↑ "Design Pittsburgh 2015". American Institute of Architects Pittsburgh. October 23, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ↑ "SCUP Excellence in Planning". Society for College and University Planning. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
- ↑ "2016 ASLA PROFESSIONAL AWARDS". www.asla.org. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
