Biomedical Tissue Services

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Biomedical Tissue Services (BTS) was a Fort Lee, New Jersey, human tissue recovery firm that was shut down by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [1] on October 8, 2005, [2] after its president, Michael Mastromarino, and three other employees were charged with illegally harvesting human bones, organs, tissue and other cadaver parts from individuals awaiting cremation, for forging numerous consent forms, and for selling the illegally obtained body parts to medical companies without consent of their families. [3]

Contents

History

In late 2005, the New York City Police Department investigated Michael Mastromarino and his company BTS for allegedly selling stolen human body parts. [4] The probe was first reported by the New York Daily News in October 2005, and led to a number of exhumations, including one of a Queens woman who had had many of her bones removed and replaced with PVC piping, which is a typical industry practice for cosmetic reconstruction of tissue donors. [5] According to government witnesses, BTS sought business relationships with a number of funeral homes in New York and Pennsylvania solely to obtain access to recently deceased people, often paying the funeral homes $1,000 or more per corpse. [2] In nearly every case, BTS employees obtained human allograft tissue, bones, ligaments and other cadaver material by forging family consent and other donor forms without actual authorized consent, and often against the written wishes of families. BTS employees engaged in highly irregular and unsafe practices, such as allowing cadavers to deteriorate before collecting tissue and parts, not testing donor material for diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and even accepting cancerous and other diseased cadavers for harvesting and selling. Under federal regulatory guidelines for the proper care and management of donated human tissue, firms are required to "screen and test donors for relevant communicable disease agents and diseases and to ensure that HCT/Ps (Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-based Products) are processed in a way that prevents communicable disease contamination and cross-contamination." [6]

To conceal their practices, BTS employees forged a variety of the necessary certificates and replaced bone with PVC piping to conceal the harvesting from family members of the deceased. [1] Of the numerous companies who purchased the illegally obtained body parts or tissue, none had ever contacted the family member listed on the consent forms to verify the consent, or even had verified the consenting family member's existence. The BTS scandal became international news after it was determined that the remains of the deceased broadcaster Alistair Cooke were among those that had been violated and sold in New York. [7] [8] [9] The Cooke case was featured on a 2008 episode of Horizon , "How Much Is Your Dead Body Worth?". [10]

Michael Mastromarino, [11] the 42-year-old [12] former New Jersey–based oral surgeon and CEO and executive director of operations of BTS, [6] was convicted in February 2006, along with three employees of wrongdoing and sentenced to prison terms. Mastromarino and Lee Cruceta, one of the convicted employees, agreed to a deal that resulted in their imprisonment. [3] Mastromarino was sentenced on June 27, 2008, in the Supreme Court in Brooklyn, New York, to between 18 and 54 years in prison. [13] Director Toby Dye made the documentary Body Snatchers of New York about this case in 2010.[ citation needed ]

On September 4, 2008, defense attorneys for human graft tissue distributors asked U.S. District Judge William J. Martini to dismiss hundreds of charges, asserting that the companies "never knew the body parts were illegally obtained, and they say there is no evidence the transplanted tissue made anyone ill." [14]

According to the FDA, all tissue products collected and distributed by BTS were recalled and will be monitored for a complete accounting of all graft material. [6] BTS sold its products to five companies; two of the companies were Life Cell Corporation, of New Jersey, and Regeneration Technologies, of Florida. Overall, about 10,000 patients in the United States and Canada received graft tissue from BTS. [12]

BTS was not an accredited member, nor did the company ever apply to be a member, of the American Association of Tissue Banks. Robert Rigney, who heads the association, said he doubts anyone who received tissue donations originating from the company is in any kind of health danger, because the processors the company dealt with would have subjected the tissues to their own screening processes. [15]

However, transplant patient Betty Pfaff was one person who suffered severe infection, septic shock, underwent dialysis and ultimately paralysis due to having received an implant made from infected cadaver tissue from Mastromarino's company. [16] [17] Although a recent judicial ruling has increased the difficulty of patients in proving pain and suffering from receiving bad donor tissue in cases like these, Pfaff's lawsuit is still[ when? ] pending.[ citation needed ]

Other patients who received BTS-derived tissue and body parts include a Colorado woman who had to repeat her ACL replacement surgery after her first BTS tendon failed, an Ohio woman who developed syphilis after receiving a bone from BTS, and an Ohio man who developed both HIV and hepatitis C after receiving BTS bone implants in surgery. [18]

On January 8, 2010, Michael Mastromarino's now ex-wife Barbra Mastromarino appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in a segment "Husbands' Secret Lives" [19] and discussed the effect of the actions on her life and their sons' lives. After confronting his father about the reasons for his crimes while Dr. Mastromarino was incarcerated at Rikers Island, their older son subsequently refused to speak to his father. During the broadcast, Barbra Mastromarino also listened to and apologized to the daughter of a victim of her husband's crimes, while mentioning she had no knowledge of her husband's illegal acts. Barbra Mastromarino acknowledged ignoring warning signs about the character of her ex-husband early in their relationship.

On the morning of July 7, 2013, Michael Mastromarino died at St. Luke's Hospital after suffering from bone cancer. [20] He was 49.

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Body Worlds</i> Exhibition of plastinated bodies

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organ transplantation</span> Medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alistair Cooke</span> British-American journalist and broadcaster (1908–2004)

Alistair Cooke, KBE was a British-American writer whose work as a journalist, television personality and radio broadcaster was done primarily in the United States. Outside his journalistic output, which included Letter from America and America: A Personal History of the United States, he was well known in the United States as the host of PBS Masterpiece Theatre from 1971 to 1992. After holding the job for 22 years, and having worked in television for 42 years, Cooke retired in 1992, although he continued to present Letter from America until shortly before his death. He was the father of author and folk singer John Byrne Cooke.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bone grafting</span> Bone transplant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Body donation</span> Gifts of bodies for research and education

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A tissue bank is an establishment that collects and recovers human cadaver tissue for the purposes of medical research, education and allograft transplantation. A tissue bank may also refer to a location where biomedical tissue is stored under cryogenic conditions and is generally used in a more clinical sense.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadaver</span> Dead human body

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RTI Surgical is a medical technology company that was founded in 1998 after spinning off from the University of Florida Tissue Bank Alachua, Florida, United States.

Organ trade is the trading of human organs, tissues, or other body products, usually for transplantation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), organ trade is a commercial transplantation where there is a profit, or transplantations that occur outside of national medical systems. There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, which exceeds the numbers available.

Acellular dermis is a type of biomaterial derived from processing human or animal tissues to remove cells and retain portions of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These materials are typically cell-free, distinguishing them from classical allografts and xenografts, can be integrated or incorporated into the body, and have been FDA approved for human use for more than 10 years in a wide range of clinical indications.

A body broker is a firm or an individual that buys and sells cadavers or human body parts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gingival grafting</span> Surgery in which gum tissue is grafted

In periodontology, gingival grafting, also called gum grafting or periodontal plastic surgery, is a generic term for the performance of any of a number of surgical procedures in which the gingiva is grafted. The aim may be to cover exposed root surfaces or merely to augment the band of keratinized tissue.

Tissue transplantation is a surgical procedure involving the removal of tissue from a donor site or the creation of new tissue, followed by tissue transfer to the recipient site. The aim of tissue transplantation is to repair or replace tissues that are missing, damaged, or diseased, thereby improving patients' survival, functionality and quality of life.

References

  1. 1 2 Holtzclaw, D; Toscano, N; Eisenlohr, L; Callan, D (2008), "The Safety of Bone Allografts Used in Dentistry: A Review" Archived 2008-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , JADA 139: 1192-1199
  2. 1 2 New York Daily News Boss of notorious body snatching ring gets 54 years for harvesting, March 19, 2008
  3. 1 2 BBC Plea deal in US body parts case, January 16, 2008
  4. ↑ Associated Press, "A Macabre Theater of Greed" Archived October 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , December 23, 2005
  5. ↑ Erivan, R.; Villatte, G.; Lecointe, T.; Descamps, S.; Boisgard, S. (2018-06-01). "Collection and reconstruction after harvesting donor tissues from the musculoskeletal system: Technique specific to the lower limbs". Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 104 (4): 529–532. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2018.01.017 . ISSN   1877-0568. PMID   29567322.
  6. 1 2 3 FDA News "FDA Orders Biomedical Tissue Services, Ltd., to Cease Manufacturing and to Retain Existing Inventories of Human Cells, Tissues and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products (HCT/Ps)", February 3, 2005
  7. ↑ BBC "Alistair Cooke's bones 'stolen'", December 22, 2005
  8. ↑ The New York Times "Alistair Cooke's Bones Were Stolen for Implantation, His Family Says", December 23, 2005
  9. ↑ Times Online.com "Bodysnatchers steal Alistair Cooke's bones", December 22, 2005
  10. ↑ "How much is your dead body worth?". Horizon (18th March 2008). BBC. September 17, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
  11. ↑ New York Daily News , "Boss of notorious body snatching ring gets 54 years for harvesting", March 19, 2008 reports an alternative version of "Mastromarino."
  12. 1 2 The Joplin Globe , "Man who plundered body parts for profit pleads guilty", August 29, 2008
  13. ↑ CNN Mastermind of body parts scheme sentenced to prison Archived 2008-06-29 at the Wayback Machine , June 27, 2007
  14. ↑ Cherry Hill Courier Post , "Lawyers debate tainted-tissue cases in N.J court", September 5, 2008
  15. ↑ The Washington Post , "In New York, a Grisly Traffic in Body Parts: Illegal Sales Worry Dead's Kin, Tissue Recipients", January 27, 2006
  16. ↑ Medium , "The man who made millions stealing skin and bones from corpses", September 2, 2018
  17. ↑ Philadelphia Magazine , "Body Snatchers", March 25, 2008
  18. ↑ Le, Dan P. (April 2008). "Body Snatchers". Philadelphia Magazine . Metrocorp. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  19. ↑ "Husbands′ Secret Lives The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 08, 2010" . Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  20. ↑ New York Daily News , "Bone snatcher Michael Mastromarino dies of bone cancer as victims see sad irony", July 7, 2013
  21. ↑ Ramsland, Katherine (2008-09-02). True Stories of CSI: The Real Crimes Behind the Best Episodes of the Popular TV Show. Penguin. ISBN   9781440638947.
  22. ↑ The Grierson Awards 2011: Winners Archived 2022-07-19 at the Wayback Machine The Grierson Trust
  23. ↑ Wife of ‘Body Snatcher’ details how she learned Michael Mastromarino illegally harvested corpses in new book Fox News
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