Blue toe syndrome

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Blue toe syndrome
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Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic (clots resulting from the build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls) [1] microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain or spinal cord, [2] occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia. [3] The development of blue or violaceous toes can also occur with trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders producing generalized cyanosis, decreased arterial flow, impaired venous outflow, and abnormal circulating blood. [4] [5] [6] [7] The terms "blue toe syndrome", "grey toe syndrome" and "purple toe syndrome" are sometimes used interchangeably. [8]

Contents

Studies may include echocardiography, thoracic and abdominal CT or MRI, [9] [10] [11] [12] peripheral arterial run off imaging studies, hypercoagulopathy labs, and interrogation of syndromes that lead to peripheral vascular pathology. [13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mojca, Stegnar (2003-07-03). "Atherothrombosis: Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease". EJIFCC. 14 (2): 47–50. ISSN   1650-3414. PMC   6169144 . PMID   30302073.
  2. ↑ Panuganti, Kiran K.; Tadi, Prasanna; Lui, Forshing (2024), "Transient Ischemic Attack", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   29083778 , retrieved 2024-09-29
  3. ↑ 'Standards for vascular reporting'
  4. ↑ Matchett WJ, McFarland DR, Eidt JF, Moursi MM (2000). "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 11 (5): 585–92. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61610-8. PMID   10834489.
  5. ↑ Applebaum RM, Kronzon I (1996). "Evaluation and management of cholesterol embolization and the blue toe syndrome". Curr Opin Cardiol. 11 (5): 533–42. doi:10.1097/00001573-199609000-00013. PMID   8889381.
  6. ↑ Sottiurai VS, Omlie W (1994). "Femoral artery hypoplasia and persistent sciatic artery with blue toe syndrome: a case report, histologic analysis and review of the literature". Int Angiol. 13 (2): 154–9. PMID   7963875.
  7. ↑ Choi KH, Yoo J, Huh JW, Jeong YI, Kim MS, Jue MS, Park HJ (2016). "Blue Toe Syndrome as an Early Sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation". Ann Dermatol. 28 (3): 400–1. doi:10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.400. PMC   4884725 . PMID   27274647.
  8. ↑ Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (January 2009). "Blue (or purple) toe syndrome". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60 (1): 1–20, quiz 21–2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038. PMID   19103358.
  9. ↑ Kopani K, Liao S, Shaffer K (2009). "The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT". Radiol. Case Rep. 4 (1): 209. doi: 10.2484/rcr.v4i1.209 . PMC   5106526 . PMID   27843516.
  10. ↑ Belczak SQ, Sincos IR, Aun R, Costa KV, Araujo EA (Apr 2014). "Coral reef aorta, emergency surgical: case report and literature review". Einstein (Sao Paulo). 12 (2): 237–41. doi: 10.1590/s1679-45082014rc2772 . PMC   4891170 . PMID   25003933.
  11. ↑ Schulte KM, Reiher L, Grabitz L, Sandmann W (Nov 2000). "Coral reef aorta: a long-term study of 21 patients". Ann Vasc Surg. 14 (6): 626–33. doi:10.1007/s100169910091. PMID   11128458. S2CID   25265011.
  12. ↑ Policha A, Moudgill N, Eisenberg J, Rao A, DiMuzio P (2013). "Coral reef aorta: case report and review of the literature". Vascular. 21 (4): 251–9. doi:10.1177/1708538113478764. PMID   23518854. S2CID   63550.
  13. ↑ Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5. PMID   7982584.
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