Blue toe syndrome

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Blue toe syndrome
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Blue toe syndrome occurs when small clots, often from atherothrombotic microembolism (clots formed from fatty deposits in artery walls), partially block blood flow to the toes. This can cause transient focal ischemia and occasionally minor tissue loss, but generally does not affect the entire forefoot. Blue or violaceous toes can also result from trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders causing generalized cyanosis, reduced arterial blood flow, impaired venous drainage, or blood abnormalities. [1] [2] [3] [4] The terms "blue toe syndrome," "grey toe syndrome," and "purple toe syndrome" are often used interchangeably. [5]

Contents

Diagnostic evaluation may include echocardiography, thoracic or abdominal CT or MRI, [6] [7] [8] [9] peripheral arterial imaging, blood tests for hypercoagulable states, and assessment for conditions that affect peripheral blood flow. [10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Matchett WJ, McFarland DR, Eidt JF, Moursi MM (2000). "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 11 (5): 585–92. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61610-8. PMID   10834489.
  2. ↑ Applebaum RM, Kronzon I (1996). "Evaluation and management of cholesterol embolization and the blue toe syndrome". Curr Opin Cardiol. 11 (5): 533–42. doi:10.1097/00001573-199609000-00013. PMID   8889381.
  3. ↑ Sottiurai VS, Omlie W (1994). "Femoral artery hypoplasia and persistent sciatic artery with blue toe syndrome: a case report, histologic analysis and review of the literature". Int Angiol. 13 (2): 154–9. PMID   7963875.
  4. ↑ Choi KH, Yoo J, Huh JW, Jeong YI, Kim MS, Jue MS, Park HJ (2016). "Blue Toe Syndrome as an Early Sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation". Ann Dermatol. 28 (3): 400–1. doi:10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.400. PMC   4884725 . PMID   27274647.
  5. ↑ Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (January 2009). "Blue (or purple) toe syndrome". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 60 (1): 1–20, quiz 21–2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038. PMID   19103358.
  6. ↑ Kopani K, Liao S, Shaffer K (2009). "The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT". Radiol. Case Rep. 4 (1): 209. doi: 10.2484/rcr.v4i1.209 . PMC   5106526 . PMID   27843516.
  7. ↑ Belczak SQ, Sincos IR, Aun R, Costa KV, Araujo EA (Apr 2014). "Coral reef aorta, emergency surgical: case report and literature review". Einstein (Sao Paulo). 12 (2): 237–41. doi: 10.1590/s1679-45082014rc2772 . PMC   4891170 . PMID   25003933.
  8. ↑ Schulte KM, Reiher L, Grabitz L, Sandmann W (Nov 2000). "Coral reef aorta: a long-term study of 21 patients". Ann Vasc Surg. 14 (6): 626–33. doi:10.1007/s100169910091. PMID   11128458. S2CID   25265011.
  9. ↑ Policha A, Moudgill N, Eisenberg J, Rao A, DiMuzio P (2013). "Coral reef aorta: case report and review of the literature". Vascular. 21 (4): 251–9. doi:10.1177/1708538113478764. PMID   23518854. S2CID   63550.
  10. ↑ Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD (Dec 1994). "Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'". Geriatrics. 49 (12): 37–9, 43–5. PMID   7982584.
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