Blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus

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Blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus
Raspberry mosaic virus a1 (3).jpg
Mosaic pattern on leaves of raspberry plant, also a characteristic of Blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Milneviricetes
Order: Serpentovirales
Family: Aspiviridae
Genus: Ophiovirus
Species:
Blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus

The Blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus (B1MaV) is a plant virus which infects blueberry plants, causing a discoloration of the leaves of the plants in a mosaic-like pattern. The disease is found in blueberry plants in many regions of North America, as well as South America, Europe, New Zealand, and South Africa. [1] Within these regions the virus is most often found in high blueberry-yielding areas, but can be spread to other locations. Blueberry mosaic associatedophiovirus is one of seven species in the genus Ophiovirus . [2] [3] [1] [4] It is a member of the Aspiviridae family, in the Serpentovirales order, and in the Milnevircetes class. [4] The Ophioviridae viruses are characterized by a flexible and elongated nucleocapsid that is composed mostly of filamentous structures and is helically symmetrical. It also has a non-enveloped protein capsid that is capable of coiling around itself allowing for a super-coiled structure and the helical symmetry. [4] The virus has the potential to be symptomatic or asymptomatic within plants causing the display of symptoms in only a few plants, but the ability to transmit the virus unknowingly in many plants. B1MaV often remains asymptomatic for long periods of time after initial infection allowing for blind transmission.

Contents

Symptoms

When a plant is initially infected with the virus the plant will often display a symptom-free period, meaning there is long latent period between viral infection and symptom appearance. [3] The virus can also become dormant in some areas of the plant and expressed in others, causing some leaves to display symptoms and others to be asymptomatic.

When a blueberry plant begins to show symptoms of infection by B1MaV a mild to severe mottle and mosaic patterns on foliage appears. The pattern is in the colors of yellow, yellow green, and pink. Usually symptoms appear on only a few leaves, but can appear on more of the plant in severe seasons. [2] The infection also causes late ripening of fruit, reduced yield of the crop, and poor quality of the berries, as the virus spreads throughout the plant and begins affecting cellular mechanisms. [3] The virus does not kill the plant, however, rather it just affects the quality and quantity of fruit produced by the plant.

Structure

The blueberry mosaic associated ophiovirus virion is described as a nonenveloped nucleocapsid. It is a naked filamentous nucleocapsid that can form circles making the open form of the virus or can form a pseudo-linear duplex form that forms the collapsed form of the virus. [5] The nucleocapsid is 3 nm in diameter and 700 to 2000 nm long, pseudo-linear duplex are about 9-10 nm in diameter. Ophiovirdae are composed of 3 to 4 RNA segments, with each segment being individually encapsulated. In the case of B1MaV, there are three RNA segments, and therefore each segment is encapsulated by a nucleocapsid protein. Each encapsulated structure contains a viral and viral complementary RNA strand (vRNA and vcRNA). [6] The population structure is highly conserved in B1MaV as a result of low genetic diversity among isolates of the virus. [7]

Genome

The genome is a linear segmented genome that is 11,467 nucleotides long and is composed of three negative single strand RNA sequences. [3] [1] RNA one is the longest RNA sequence and contains two open reading frames (ORFs) that encode two proteins. The proteins encoded include a 23 kDa protein that has an unknown function and a 272 kDa RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) replicase. The presence of these two ORFs in the largest RNA strand and the two ORF's having the same polarity is a key genomic feature of Ophioviridae. The RdRp encoded has five conserved motifs (A-E). The SDD sequence which is a characteristic sequence for segmented negative strand RNA viruses such as Ophiovirdae is found in motif C of the RdRp. [6] RNA 2 encodes for a 58 kDa movement protein that is thought to also be involved in the suppression of post transcriptional gene silencing. [3] RNA 3 encodes 50 kDa nucleocapsid protein.

The 5’ terminal sequences are not conserved between RNA transmissions, but all of the 5’ termini fold into conserved stem-loop structures. These structures are likely involved in packaging of the genomic RNAs into their capsid or in long-distance interactions for transcription and translation. [1] The 3’ terminal of all three RNAs are identical and conserved. The conserved nucleotide sequence is ‘AAUAUC’. [2]

Ophiovirdae have a G+C content is 32.3-39.8%. [8] The genome of Ophiovirdae is typically 11.3-12.5 kilobytes long. [6] These viral RNA sequences appear in higher concentrations in symptomatic leaves then in asymptomatic leaves of the same plant. [3]

Replication cycle

Entry into cell

Ophiovirdae travel from cell to cell in a plant via plasmodesmata and often alter the flexibility of the plasmodesmata by affecting proteins such as movement proteins of the virus. The movement proteins that the virus encodes in RNA 2, often effect cellular mechanisms for transport to distant tissues in the plant. [9] B1MaV has nuclear localization signals within its protein sequences. [6] These amino acid sequences tag the protein for import into the cell's nucleus via nuclear transport mechanisms of the cell. [10]

Replication and transcription

B1MaV is translated from mRNA which is complementary to the vRNAs of the virus genome. [10] Replication of ophioviruses as well as virion assembly is believed to occur in the cytoplasm. [11]

Modulation of host processes

There are several proteins produced by the viral mRNA in transcription and translation that affect the host cells processes, making a more suitable environment for viral replication and transcription. There is not much information known as to exactly what viral proteins interfere with the host cell processes.

One protein that is encoded on RNA 2 is the movement protein for B1MaV. This protein helps the virus travel between cells via plasmodesmata. It also is involved in suppression in post translational gene silencing of cellular genes, therefore preventing the silencing of some cellular genes causing consequent expression and the effects of these expressed genes. [3] [9]  

Tropism

The virus is transmissible via grafting, meaning that when an infected plant is joined with a noninfected plant to promote continued growth of the plant, the infected plant spreads the virus to the once noninfected plant. [3] Asymptomatic plants can serve as reservoirs for the pathogen that can in turn spread the disease to highly susceptible plants. The virus can further spread to new growing areas accidentally by plant nurseries since blueberries are reproduced asexually and asymptomatic blueberry plants may be used. [1] Ophiovirdae are also transmitted through the soil via fungi. This would allow B1MaV to survive in the spores of an infected root fungi leading to further spread. [1] Since the viral genome is three segmented negative RNA strands, there is the possibility for re-assortment of genetic segments between B1MaV and other segmented viruses infecting the same plant, leading to possible further transmission of the virus by other means. [7]

Associated diseases

Citrus psorosis virus

Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) is a viral infection that infects citrus plants causing a major loss in citrus trees by affecting their conductive tissues. Some characteristic symptoms of the disease include bark scaling in the trunk and main branches of an adult plant as well as internal staining in the underlying wood. As in B1MaV this virus has three segmented negative RNA strands within its genome. Citrus psorosis virus also has three negative stranded RNA sequences encased in a protein coat. They also have the closet molecular structure to that of B1MaV in the Ophiovirus genus. [2] This I shown in the analysis of the conserved RdRp motifs in B1MaV and CPsV. [10] The infection occurs in the phloem and parenchyma cells of the citrus trees. The main cytopathic changes of the infected cells are the presence of a large number of abnormal chloroplasts, as well as mitochondria and cellular abnormalities. There has also been reports of lower levels of auxin as a result of viral infection. [12] The species most severally infected are sweet oranges, grapefruit, and mandarin trees. Just as in B1MaV, CpsV is graft transmissible and also appears to remain asymptomatic for the first several years of infection. [12]

Lettuce ring necrosis virus

Lettuce ring necrosis is a viral infection that affects lettuce leaves, causing necrotic ring like patterns on the middle of leaves. The infected leaves often decay and make the whole plant unusable. As with B1MaV, the lettuce ring necrosis virus spreads via soil transmission through fungal zoospores, and the symptoms in the plant often do not appear for several weeks to months after infection. [13] This virus is a member of the Ophiovirus family and therefore has many of the same genome and structural characteristics as that of B1MaV. This virus often occurs along with lettuce big-vein virus. Lettuce big-vein virus causes the veins of the plant to be banded and sometimes bumpy affecting the quality of the plant causing underdevelopment making the plant unusable [14]

Related Research Articles

Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a member of the genus Caulimovirus, one of the six genera in the family Caulimoviridae, which are pararetroviruses that infect plants. Pararetroviruses replicate through reverse transcription just like retroviruses, but the viral particles contain DNA instead of RNA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabies virus</span> Species of virus

Rabies virus, scientific name Rabies lyssavirus, is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in animals, including humans. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals and less commonly through contact with human saliva. Rabies lyssavirus, like many rhabdoviruses, has an extremely wide host range. In the wild it has been found infecting many mammalian species, while in the laboratory it has been found that birds can be infected, as well as cell cultures from mammals, birds, reptiles and insects. Rabies is reported in more than 150 countries and on all continents except Antarctica. The main burden of disease is reported in Asia and Africa, but some cases have been reported also in Europe in the past 10 years, especially in returning travellers.

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant virus</span> Virus that affects plants

Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to vascular plants.

<i>Tombusviridae</i> Family of viruses

Tombusviridae is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 95 species in this family. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV).

<i>Tobamovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Tobamovirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Virgaviridae. Many plants, including tobacco, potato, tomato, and squash, serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include: necrotic lesions on leaves. The name Tobamovirus comes from the host and symptoms of the first virus discovered.

<i>Potyvirus</i> Genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae

Potyvirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. Like begomoviruses, members of this genus may cause significant losses in agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, and ornamental crops. More than 200 species of aphids spread potyviruses, and most are from the subfamily Aphidinae. The genus contains 190 species and potyviruses account for about thirty percent of all currently known plant viruses.

Tenuivirus is a plant virus genus belonging to Phenuiviridae family in the order Bunyavirales. These plant viruses cause diseases in their host plants. Typical symptoms are chlorotic stripes on the affected leaves. This group of viruses make viral inclusions in infected cells which can be used to diagnose infection.

<i>Alfalfa mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), also known as Lucerne mosaic virus or Potato calico virus, is a worldwide distributed phytopathogen that can lead to necrosis and yellow mosaics on a large variety of plant species, including commercially important crops. It is the only Alfamovirus of the family Bromoviridae. In 1931 Weimer J.L. was the first to report AMV in alfalfa. Transmission of the virus occurs mainly by some aphids, by seeds or by pollen to the seed.

<i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family Bromoviridae. This virus has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, having the reputation of the widest host range of any known plant virus. It can be transmitted from plant to plant both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion. It can also be transmitted in seeds and by the parasitic weeds, Cuscuta sp. (dodder).

<i>Potexvirus</i> Genus of viruses

Potexvirus is a genus of pathogenic viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Alphaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 48 species in this genus, three of which are assigned to a subgenus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms. The genus name comes from POTato virus X).

<i>Citrus psorosis ophiovirus</i> Species of virus

Citrus psorosis ophiovirus is a plant pathogenic virus infecting citrus plants worldwide. It is considered the most serious and detrimental virus pathogen of these trees.

<i>Carlavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Carlavirus, formerly known as the "Carnation latent virus group", is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 53 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aspiviridae</span> Family of viruses

Aspiviridae, formerly Ophioviridae, is a family of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses which infect plants. Member viruses are characterized by an elongated and highly filamentous and flexible nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. It is a monotypic taxon containing only one genus, Ophiovirus. Aspiviridae is also the only family in the order Serpentovirales, which in turn is the only order in the class Milneviricetes.

Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), formerly Simian retrovirus (SRV), is a species of retroviruses that usually infect and cause a fatal immune deficiency in Asian macaques. The ssRNA virus appears sporadically in mammary carcinoma of captive macaques at breeding facilities which expected as the natural host, but the prevalence of this virus in feral macaques remains unknown. M-PMV was transmitted naturally by virus-containing body fluids, via biting, scratching, grooming, and fighting. Cross contaminated instruments or equipment (fomite) can also spread this virus among animals.

Batai orthobunyavirus (BATV) is a RNA virus belonging to order Bunyavirales, genus Orthobunyavirus.

Cassava brown streak virus is a species of positive-strand RNA viruses in the genus Ipomovirus and family Potyviridae which infects plants. Member viruses are unique in their induction of pinwheel, or scroll-shaped inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Cylindrical inclusion bodies include aggregations of virus-encoded helicase proteins. These inclusion bodies are thought to be sites of viral replication and assembly, making then an important factor in the viral lifecycle. Viruses from both the species Cassava brown streak virus and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), lead to the development of Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) within cassava plants.

<i>Avian metaavulavirus 2</i> Species of virus

Avian metaavulavirus 2, formerly Avian paramyxovirus 2, is a species of virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Metaavulavirus. The virus is a negative strand RNA virus containing a monopartite genome. Avian metaavulavirus 2 is one of nine species belonging to the genus Metaavulavirus. The most common serotype of Avulavirinae is serotype 1, the cause of Newcastle disease (ND). Avian metaavulavirus 2 has been known to cause disease, specifically mild respiratory infections in domestic poultry, including turkeys and chickens, and has many economic effects on egg production and poultry industries. The virus was first isolated from a strain in Yucaipa, California in 1956. Since then, other isolates of the virus have been isolated worldwide.

<i>Orthornavirae</i> Kingdom of viruses

Orthornavirae is a kingdom of viruses that have genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA), including genes which encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The RdRp is used to transcribe the viral RNA genome into messenger RNA (mRNA) and to replicate the genome. Viruses in this kingdom share a number of characteristics which promote rapid evolution, including high rates of genetic mutation, recombination, and reassortment.

Rio Negro virus is an alphavirus that was first isolated in Argentina in 1980. The virus was first called Ag80-663 but was renamed to Rio Negro virus in 2005. It is a former member of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex (VEEC), which are a group of alphaviruses in the Americas that have the potential to emerge and cause disease. Río Negro virus was recently reclassified as a distinct species. Closely related viruses include Mucambo virus and Everglades virus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thekke-Veetil, Thanuja; Ho, Thien; Keller, Karen E.; Martin, Robert R.; Tzanetakis, Ioannis E. (2014-08-30). "A new ophiovirus is associated with blueberry mosaic disease". Virus Research. 189: 92–96. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.019. ISSN   0168-1702.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Thekke-Veetil, T.; Polashock, J.; Plesko, I.M.; Keller, K.E.; Martin, R.R.; Ho, T.; Tzanetakis, I.E. (2016). "Blueberry mosaic associated virus – a putative, new member of Ophioviridae". Acta Horticulturae (1117): 103–110. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2016.1117.18. ISSN   0567-7572.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Isogai, Masamichi; Matsuhashi, Yurie; Suzuki, Kenshu; Yashima, Satoru; Watanabe, Manabu; Yoshikawa, Nobuyuki (2016-05-01). "Occurrence of blueberry mosaic associated virus in highbush blueberry trees with blueberry mosaic disease in Japan". Journal of General Plant Pathology. 82 (3): 177–179. doi:10.1007/s10327-016-0653-z. ISSN   1610-739X.
  4. 1 2 3 "Aspiviridae", Wikipedia, 2019-10-04, retrieved 2019-11-27
  5. ↑ García, María Laura; Bó, Elena Dal; da Graça, John V.; Gago-Zachert, Selma; Hammond, John; Moreno, Pedro; Natsuaki, Tomohide; Pallás, Vicente; Navarro, Jose A.; Reyes, Carina A.; Luna, Gabriel Robles (June 2017). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Ophioviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 98 (6): 1161–1162. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000836. ISSN   0022-1317. PMC   5656789 . PMID   28635587.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Aspiviridae - Aspiviridae - Negative-sense RNA Viruses". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  7. 1 2 Thekke-Veetil, Thanuja; Polashock, James J.; Marn, Mojca V.; Plesko, Irena M.; Schilder, Annemiek C.; Keller, Karen E.; Martin, Robert R.; Tzanetakis, Ioannis E. (2015-04-02). "Population structure of blueberry mosaic associated virus: Evidence of reassortment in geographically distinct isolates". Virus Research. 201: 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.022. ISSN   0168-1702.
  8. ↑ Milne, Robert G.; Garcia, Maria Laura; Vaira, Anna Maria (2011), Tidona, Christian; Darai, Gholamreza (eds.), "Ophiovirus", The Springer Index of Viruses, Springer New York, pp. 995–1003, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1_155, ISBN   978-0-387-95919-1
  9. 1 2 Robles Luna, Gabriel; Peña, Eduardo José; Borniego, María Belén; Heinlein, Manfred; Garcia, Maria Laura (2013-07-05). "Ophioviruses CPsV and MiLBVV movement protein is encoded in RNA 2 and interacts with the coat protein". Virology. 441 (2): 152–161. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.03.019 . hdl: 11336/24506 . ISSN   0042-6822. PMID   23602594.
  10. 1 2 3 "Nuclear localization sequence", Wikipedia, 2019-09-19, retrieved 2019-11-27
  11. ↑ Peña, Eduardo José; Robles Luna, Gabriel; Zanek, María Cecilia; Borniego, María Belén; Reyes, Carina Andrea; Heinlein, Manfred; García, María Laura (2012-12-01). "Citrus psorosis and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein ophiovirus coat proteins localize to the cytoplasm and self interact in vivo". Virus Research. 170 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.08.005. hdl: 11336/72418 . ISSN   0168-1702. PMID   22921760.
  12. 1 2 Achachi, Asmae; Ait Barka, Essaïd; Ibriz, Mohammed (September 2014). "Recent advances in Citrus psorosis virus". VirusDisease. 25 (3): 261–276. doi:10.1007/s13337-014-0199-7. ISSN   2347-3584. PMC   4188200 . PMID   25674593.
  13. ↑ Bos, L.; Huijberts, N. (1996-11-01). "Lettuce ring necrosis, caused by a chytrid-borne agent distinct from lettuce big-vein 'virus'". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 102 (9): 867–873. doi:10.1007/BF01877057. ISSN   1573-8469.
  14. ↑ Verbeek, M.; Dullemans, A. M.; Bekkum, P. J. van; Vlugt, R. A. A. van der (2013). "Evidence for Lettuce big-vein associated virus as the causal agent of a syndrome of necrotic rings and spots in lettuce". Plant Pathology. 62 (2): 444–451. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02645.x. ISSN   1365-3059.
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