Bobby Sessions

Last updated
Bobby Sessions
Bobby Sessions in 2022.jpg
Sessions in 2022
Born
Bobby Session, Jr.

Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Education University of North Texas
Occupations
  • Rapper
  • songwriter
  • recording artist
  • producer
Years active2010 – present
Agents
  • High Standardz Management
  • Jeremy Jones ("J Dot" Jones)
Awards Grammy Award, BMI Award
Musical career
Origin Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Genres Rap, Hip hop
Labels


Website bobbysessionstx.com

Bobby Sessions is an American Grammy Award winning rapper, songwriter, recording artist and producer. [1] He wrote and performed the title track for the film, The Hate U Give . [2] Since signing a deal with Def Jam Recordings in 2018 he has gained notoriety by using his platform to advocate for civil and criminal justice reform. [3] [1] He has performed at the BET Hip Hop Awards, [4] [5] the Fader Fort at SXSW, [6] and the Fortress Festival, [7] [8] among others. He has shared the stage with PRhyme, [9] Billie Eilish, [10] and Erykah Badu, [11] among others. His song, Savage , co-written and performed by Megan Thee Stallion and Beyoncé, won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Song in 2021 as well as peaking at #1 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart in 2020. [12] [13]

Contents

In 2021, Sessions teamed up with Marvel writers to create his own character-specific special collaboration designed to integrate the voices of young black creative's short stories for Ta-Nehisi Coates final three issues of Black Panther with Sessions contributing to issue 24. [14]

Early life

Bobby Sessions was born and raised in Pleasant Grove, Dallas Texas, a predominantly Black, low-to-lower middle income neighborhood where he spent much of his childhood then he and his family relocated to Rowlett, a suburb northeast of Pleasant Grove. He began writing hip-hop songs as a teenager and would freestyle in class and in the locker room before football practice. His father's love of jazz and soul music greatly influenced his passion for music.

Sessions played basketball, football, and ran track, which he attributed to his competitive edge in his music career. Football played a large role in his youth, teaching him about teamwork.. When asked about his stage name Sessions said that his real name is Bobby Session Jr., "I got it from my father, because I’m a junior. It’s my real name, the only difference is the added ‘s’ at the end. I can tell somebody my name’s Bobby Session a million times, they still say it back with an extra ‘s’. When I decided on my stage name, I did the work for them so they don't have to worry about it." [15]

Music career

Sessions is a recording artist, rapper, songwriter, and producer based out of Dallas, Texas. He was born in Pleasant Grove, Texas, where he spent most of his childhood and later moved with his family to Rowlett, Texas. While attending the University of North Texas, where Sessions was studying philosophy and journalism, he began honing in on his rapping skills at a student led organization called, Poetic Justice. [16] He has cited Jay Z, Eminem, Tupac, Kanye West, and Pharrell as his major influences. [17]

He became active in the rap/hip-hop community performing with the Brain Gang (also known as The Rowdy Bunch) in Deep Ellum in Dallas, known for its music scene. The group sold-out venues and was known for its element of rage (punk rock style), mosh pits, and jumping. [16] [18] Sessions worked at Walmart and the U.S. Postal Service while playing in clubs in the Dallas area establishing a name for himself. He quit his job in 2014 with only $50 in his bank account to pursue his music career full-time. [19]

In 2015, Sessions signed a record deal with High Standardz and released his debut album, LOA (Law of Attraction) which was listed as the "Best Album of 2015" by the Dallas Observer. His 2017 sophomore release, Grateful, earned him "Best Rap/Hip-Hop Act" at the Dallas Observer Music Awards as well as single Dollars & Sense winning "Best Rap Song". [20]

In 2018, Session's manager, J Dot (Jeremy Jones), played early versions of Session's RVLTN Chapter 1: The Divided States of AmeriKKKa for the-then new CEO of Def Jam Recordings, Paul Rosenberg. Sessions was the first artist that Rosenburg signed. [21] [22] He wrote and performed the title track for the soundtrack, The Hate U Give , which includes songs by Kendrick Lamar, Pusha T, Logic, and Tupac. [2] [23] He was asked by his label to write the song as his cousin, James Harper, was shot and killed by a police officer in 2012 in South Dallas, Texas. 911 had received a call reporting an armed kidnapper which was later determined to be a hoax. The case was highly controversial as Harper was unarmed and shot three times. No charges were brought against the officer. [24] [25] [7] [26]

Sessions' involvement in Deep Ellum's (Dallas) music scene, community, and years of live performances was celebrated by a mural painting of him in Deep Ellum by artist JD Moore, commissioned by the Deep Ellum Foundation in 2019. [21] [27]

In 2020, Sessions' co-write Savage , co-written and performed by Megan Thee Stallion and Beyoncé, peaked at #1 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart which led to a publishing deal with Sony Music Publishing. [1] Savage won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Song in 2021, was listed on the Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and was certified 4× Platinum. [28] Savage and Savage remix won awards for the Most Performed Songs of the Year at the 2021 BMI Rap/Hip-Hop Awards. [29] Sessions teamed up with Stallion again on, Girls in the Hood , which peaked at #28 on Billboard's Hot 100 and was certified 2× Platinum. [13] [30] I'm a King (co-written and performed by Sessions and Stallion) was featured in the film, Coming 2 America , and released as the lead single on the film's soundtrack. [31] [32]

Additional collaborations include Sessions' co-write, Muwop , recorded by Latto (featuring Gucci Mane) which went platinum in 2022 [33] [34] as well as composing songs and being executive producer on Iggy Azalea's, 2021 album The End of an Era. [35] Sessions released singles that featured artists such as Royce Da 5'9" on Still Alive, [36] Rick Ross on Penthouse Prayers, [37] and Benny the Butcher and Freddie Gibbs on Gold Rolex. [38]

Discography

YearAlbumArtistCredit
2021Penthouse Prayers (single)Bobby Sessions (featuring Rick Ross)Composer, primary artist [37]
Gold Rolex (single)Bobby Sessions (featuring Benny the Butcher and Freddie Gibbs)Composer, primary artist [38]
I'm a King (film and soundtrack Coming 2 America)Bobby Sessions and Megan Thee Stallion Composer, featured artist [31]
The End of an Era Iggy Azalea Composer, executive producer [35]
Black History Makers: Then & NowBobby SessionsComposer, featured artist [39]
2020ManifestBobby SessionsComposer, primary artist [3]
RVLTN, Chapter 3: The Price of FreedomBobby SessionsComposer, primary artist [40] [41]
Still AliveBobby Sessions (featuring Royce Da 5'9")Composer, primary artist [36]
Savage (single) Megan Thee Stallion Composer [12]
Savage remix (single) Megan Thee Stallion and Beyoncé Composer [12]
Girls in the Hood (single) Megan Thee Stallion Composer [1]
Muwop (single) Latto (featuring Gucci Mane)Composer [34]
Immortal Statik Selektah (featuring Bobby Sessions)Composer, featured artist [42]
2018RVLTN, Chapter 1: The Divided States of AmeriKKKaBobby SessionsComposer, primary artist [21]
The Hate U Give (film and soundtrack The Hate U Give)Bobby SessionsComposer, primary artist [2]
RVLTN, Chapter 2: The Art of ResistanceBobby SessionsComposer, primary artist [43]
2017GratefulBobby SessionsComposer, primary artist [6]
2015LOA (Law of Attraction)Bobby SessionsComposer, primary artist [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tory Lanez</span> Canadian rapper and singer

Daystar Shemuel Shua Peterson, known professionally as Tory Lanez, is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer. First discovered by Jamaican-American singer Sean Kingston, he received initial recognition for his mixtape Conflicts of My Soul: The 416 Story, released in August 2013. In 2015, Lanez signed with record producer Benny Blanco's Mad Love Records, an imprint of Interscope Records.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardi B</span> American rapper (born 1992)

Belcalis Marlenis Cephus, known professionally as Cardi B, is an American rapper. She is one of the most commercially successful female rappers of her generation. Born and raised in New York City, she first gained popularity through videos shared on Vine and Instagram. From 2015 to early 2017, she appeared as a regular cast member on the VH1 reality television series Love & Hip Hop: New York, which depicted her pursuit of her music aspirations, and earned further recognition with the release of her two mixtapes: Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1 (2016) and Vol. 2 (2017).

Jorden Kyle Lanier Thorpe, better known by his stage name Pardison Fontaine, is an American rapper and songwriter from Newburgh, New York. He is best known for his 2018 single "Backin' It Up", which peaked at number 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100. His debut album, Under8ed was released November 15, 2019. Along with his recording career, Thorpe has received credits as co-writer on hit songs for other artists, including Kanye West, Cardi B, and Megan Thee Stallion. In 2021, Thorpe won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Song for his contribution on the latter's "Savage Remix".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megan Thee Stallion</span> American rapper (born 1995)

Megan Jovon Ruth Pete, known professionally as Megan Thee Stallion, is an American rapper. Originally from Houston, Texas, she first garnered attention when videos of her freestyling became popular on social media platforms such as Instagram. She signed with 1501 Certified Entertainment in 2018, and saw her mainstream breakthrough the following year with the release of her singles "Hot Girl Summer" and "Cash Shit" ; the former peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 while the latter received quadruple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Cash Shit" was also included on her commercial mixtape Fever (2019), which was followed by her extended play Suga (2020)—both of which peaked within the top ten of the Billboard 200.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megan Thee Stallion discography</span>

American rapper Megan Thee Stallion has released two studio albums, one compilation album, three mixtapes, three extended plays, thirty-nine singles, and two promotional singles. In her early career, Megan Thee Stallion released the non-commercial, SoundCloud-exclusive mixtapes Rich Ratchet (2016) and Megan Mix (2017). She made her official solo debut by commercially releasing her first professional EP, Make It Hot, on September 18, 2017, which was followed by her second EP Tina Snow on December 21, 2018.

"Cash Shit" is a song by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion, featuring vocals from American rapper DaBaby. It was released on May 17, 2019, as the third single off of Megan Thee Stallion's first commercial mixtape, Fever. The track would later peak at number one on Urban radio in the United States, as well as number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100. This song was later featured in the fictional iFruit Radio in Grand Theft Auto V.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hot Girl Summer</span> 2019 single by Megan Thee Stallion featuring Nicki Minaj and Ty Dolla Sign

"Hot Girl Summer" is a song by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion featuring Trinidadian rapper Nicki Minaj and American singer Ty Dolla Sign, released on August 9, 2019 by 300 Entertainment. It was written by all three artists alongside Syed Hossain, Derrick Milano, and producers Crazy Mike, Juicy J, & Bone Collector, with additional writing credits going to Earl On The Beat, JT, and Lil Yachty for the sampling of City Girls' 2019 song "Act Up"; the song was produced by Bone Collector, Juicy J, and Crazy Mike and engineered by Irving Gadoury. Commercially, the song debuted and peaked at number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100. On Billboard's Rhythmic Songs airplay chart, it became Megan Thee Stallion's first number one, Nicki Minaj's eighth, and Ty Dolla Sign's third.

RC & The Gritz is an American soul, R&B, and hip-hop band with origins in Dallas, Texas. Led by RC Williams, the band was formed in 2004. The group most recently served as the back up band for Erykah Badu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Savage (Megan Thee Stallion song)</span> 2020 single by Megan Thee Stallion

"Savage" is a song by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion. It was released on March 6, 2020, as part of her EP Suga and later sent to US contemporary hit radio on April 7, 2020, by 1501 Certified Entertainment and 300 Entertainment as the third single from the EP. The song was written by the artist with Bobby Sessions, Akeasha Boodie, and producer J. White Did It. It went viral on video-sharing app TikTok, with people performing the "Savage" dance challenge during the song's chorus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Girls in the Hood</span> 2020 single by Megan Thee Stallion

"Girls in the Hood" is a song by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion from her debut studio album, Good News (2020). It was released on June 26, 2020, through 1501 Certified Entertainment and 300 Entertainment, as the album's lead single. Built around a sample of "Boyz-n-the-Hood" by Eazy-E and featuring electric guitar and 808 drums, it is a hip hop song with braggadocious lyrics.

Julian Martrel Mason, better known under the pseudonym LilJuMadeDaBeat, is an American record producer and songwriter, most known for his work with 2 Chainz, Beyoncé and Megan Thee Stallion. Mason has co-written and/or produced hits "Big Ole Freak", "Cash Shit", "Captain Hook", "Body", "Megan's Piano", and "Thot Shit" among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">WAP (song)</span> 2020 single by Cardi B

"WAP" is a song by American rapper Cardi B, featuring American rapper Megan Thee Stallion. It was released on August 7, 2020, through Atlantic as the lead single from Cardi B's upcoming second studio album. Musically, it is a hip hop song driven by heavy bass, drum beats, and a sample of Frank Ski's single "Whores in This House" (1993). With sexually explicit lyrics which made it gain popularity, the song reached the top of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

<i>Good News</i> (Megan Thee Stallion album) 2020 studio album by Megan Thee Stallion

Good News is the debut studio album by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion. It was released on November 20, 2020, by 300 Entertainment and 1501 Certified. The album features guest appearances from DaBaby, City Girls, Lil Durk, SZA, Popcaan, Mustard, Big Sean, 2 Chainz, Young Thug, and Beyoncé. The music was written and produced with a host of musicians, including D.A Got That Dope, LilJuMadeDaBeat, Juicy J, J. White Did It, and Scott Storch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Body (Megan Thee Stallion song)</span> 2020 single by Megan Thee Stallion

"Body" is a song by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion, who wrote the song during the COVID-19 quarantine and was inspired by her own figure during the creative process, with additional concentration on sizes of waist and breasts. It was released on November 20, 2020, by 1501 Certified Entertainment and 300 Entertainment as the third single from her debut studio album Good News (2020). It coincided with the release of the album and was supported by a music video featuring cameo appearances from Taraji P. Henson, Blac Chyna, and Jordyn Woods, among others.

Derrick Carrington Gray, known professionally as Derrick Milano, is an American songwriter, rapper, and singer. He grew up in Philadelphia and in Delaware before moving to Florida for college. He began his musical career as a rapper in 2013 before shifting to songwriting in 2019. He has since written songs for artists including Justin Bieber, Pop Smoke, Nicki Minaj, and Megan Thee Stallion. In 2021, he won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Song at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards for co-writing the rap song "Savage Remix" by Megan Thee Stallion and featuring Beyoncé.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thot Shit</span> 2021 single by Megan Thee Stallion

"Thot Shit" is a song by American rapper Megan Thee Stallion. The first solo release following her debut studio album Good News (2020) and the lead single from her compilation album Something for Thee Hotties (2021), the song was produced by LilJuMadeDaBeat and OG Parker and was released on June 11, 2021, through 1501 Certified Entertainment and 300 Entertainment. An uptempo song with heavy bass, it began as a freestyle by Megan Thee Stallion, and was inspired by her desire to reclaim the term "thot" from men who used it in a sexist manner. The song is performed from the perspective of her "raw and aggressive" alter ego, Tina Snow.

"Circo Loco" is a song by Canadian rapper Drake and British-American rapper 21 Savage from their collaborative studio album Her Loss (2022). It was sent to Italian contemporary hit radio on November 11, 2022, as the second single from the album. Produced by Boi-1da, Tay Keith and 40, it contains a sample and interpolation of "One More Time" by Daft Punk. The song garnered controversy over a perceived diss toward American rapper Megan Thee Stallion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steve Carless</span> American music executive

Steven Carless, also known as "Steve-O", is an American music executive and talent manager. He is best known for working with Nipsey Hussle. In 2020, the duo received two Grammy Awards for the songs "Racks in the Middle" and "Higher."

Coming 2 America (Amazon Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the 2021 film Coming 2 America, serving as the sequel to the 1988 film Coming to America, with Eddie Murphy reprising his role from the original. The album featuring selections of pop hits, performed by Megan Thee Stallion, YG, Big Sean, John Legend, Teyana Taylor, Jermaine Fowler, Brandon Rogers, Beau Young Prince, Davido, Gladys Knight, Burna Boy, Salt-N-Pepa amongst others.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Sony/ATV Signs Bobby Sessions to Worldwide Publishing Deal". Sony Music Publishing. July 7, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 "Dallas Rapper Bobby Sessions Headlines Soundtrack for The Hate U Give by Natalie Gempel". D Magazine. October 4, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Bobby Sessions Wants His New Album 'Manifest' to Be Music's Guide To Self-Help by Carl Lamarre". Billboard Magazine. June 14, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  4. ↑ "Bobby Sessions Shows Off His Skills at BET Hip Hop Awards 2020". BET. October 27, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  5. ↑ "BET Hip Hop Awards 2020: Lil Wayne, 2 Chainz, City Girls & More". Right On Digital. October 28, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  6. 1 2 "Def Jam rapper Bobby Sessions triumphed at SXSW by Andrew Sacher". Brooklyn Vegan. March 19, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  7. 1 2 "Circling Fortress Festival". FW Weekly. May 21, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  8. ↑ "Fortress Festival Artist Bobby Sessions". Fortress Festival. April 29, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  9. ↑ "MEGAN THEE STALLION'S 'SAVAGE' CO-WRITER BOBBY SESSIONS EXPLAINS WHY SHE'S A 'GENIUS' & ROYCE DA 5'9'S A 'MASTERMIND' by Justin Ivey". HipHopDX. October 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  10. ↑ "The FADER FORT 2018 lineup". Fader. March 6, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  11. ↑ "Erykah Badu Celebrates Her Birthday With an Adoring Dallas". Erykah Badu. February 28, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  12. 1 2 3 "Bobby Sessions - Best Rap Song - Savage". Grammys. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  13. 1 2 "Billboards Hot 100 Chart - Savage - Megan Thee Stallion". Billboard Charts. May 30, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  14. ↑ "Marvel's New 'Black Panther' Stories Will Amplify Def Jam Artists by Samantha Hissong". Rolling Stone Magazine. February 17, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  15. ↑ "BOBBY SESSIONS / STARTING HIS OWN 'RVLTN' by Shirley Ju". Flaunt. October 15, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  16. 1 2 "Bobby Sessions @8:15". Listen Notes. January 28, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  17. ↑ "Interview: Lighting The Spark Of Revolution, Rapper Bobby Sessions Tries To Change The World With A Record by Nathan Leigh". Afropunk. August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  18. ↑ "The Rowdy Bunch - Meet Brain Gang, Dallas' Most Charismatic Hip-Hop Collective by Drew Blackburn". Central Track 2. July 16, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  19. ↑ "Rapper Bobby Sessions sets his sights on a second Grammy win with debut album 'Manifest' by Morgan Hines". USA Today. October 9, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  20. ↑ "The 2017 Dallas Observer Music Awards Winners by Caroline Smith". Dallas Observer Newspaper. December 6, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  21. 1 2 3 "How Bobby Sessions Manifested a Career as a Grammy Winning Artist by Alex Gonzalez". Dallas Observer. June 14, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  22. ↑ "Artist Bobby Sessions". Def Jam. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  23. ↑ "Def Jam to Release 'The Hate U Give' Soundtrack (EXCLUSIVE) by John Burlingame". Variety. September 28, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Former Dallas officer found not liable in 2012 shooting death of James Harper in Dixon Circle by Tiffany Liou". WFAA. August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  25. ↑ "Read More: Bobby Sessions Says There's a Cover-Up in Cousin's Shooting Death by Tony M. Centeno". XXL Magazine. August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  26. ↑ "Bobby Sessions & Arlissa Discuss How Personal Experiences Inspired 'The Hate U Give' Soundtrack By Stephanie Smith-Strickland". ABC News Radio Online. October 17, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  27. ↑ "Rapper Bobby Sessions Gets His Own Mural in Deep Ellum by Natalie Gempel". D Mag. October 9, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  28. ↑ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. September 15, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  29. ↑ "BMI Rap/Hip-Hop Awards 2021". BMI. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Megan Thee Stallion RIAA". RIAA. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  31. 1 2 "The Young Legend From Dallas Teamed Up With His 'Savage' Collaborator From Houston For The Top-Billed Cut On The 'Coming 2 America' Soundtrack by Forrest Cookmarch". Central Track. March 24, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  32. ↑ "Bobby Sessions says Megan Thee Stallion helped take "I'm a King"..."to another level" by Rachel George". ABC News Radio Online. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  33. ↑ "Latto brings 'Big Energy' with new single by Buddy Ihan". Music Universe. September 24, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  34. 1 2 "Muwop". Latto YouTube. August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  35. 1 2 "Iggy Azalea Releases New Song "Sex on the Beach" featuring Sophia Scott". PM Studio. August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  36. 1 2 "Bobby Sessions & Royce Da 5'9" Team Up For "Still Alive" by Mitch Findlay". Hot New Whiphop. September 15, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  37. 1 2 "VIDEO: BOBBY SESSIONS FT. RICK ROSS "PENTHOUSE PRAYERS" by Paul 'Big Homie' Duong". Rap Radar. June 11, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  38. 1 2 "Bobby Sessions joins forces with Benny the Butcher and Freddie Gibbs on his new single "Gold Rolex," out today via Def Jam by Glenn Rowley". Yahoo. May 21, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  39. ↑ "Black History Makers: Then & Now". Deezer. February 1, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  40. ↑ "'RVLTN, Chapter 3: The Price of Freedom". Def Jam Recordings. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  41. ↑ "Dallas Rapper Bobby Sessions Drops New Project 'RVLTN (Chapter 3): The Price of Freedom by Joe Price". Complex. September 11, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  42. ↑ "STATIK SELEKTAH :: THE BALANCING ACT". Rap Reviews. December 29, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  43. ↑ "RVLTN, Chapter 2: The Art of Resistance". Amazon. November 16, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  44. ↑ "BOBBY SESSIONS - "LOA (LAW OF ATTRACTION)" [ALBUM STREAM]". Hiphop DX Magazine. November 23, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.