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Margaret Stratford Livingstone is the Takeda Professor of Neurobiology in the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School in the field of visual perception. She authored the book Vision and Art: The Biology of Seeing. She was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2015 and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2020.
Cathepsins are proteases found in all animals as well as other organisms. There are approximately a dozen members of this family, which are distinguished by their structure, catalytic mechanism, and which proteins they cleave. Most of the members become activated at the low pH found in lysosomes. Thus, the activity of this family lies almost entirely within those organelles. There are, however, exceptions such as cathepsin K, which works extracellularly after secretion by osteoclasts in bone resorption. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover.
Cathepsin S is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSS gene. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyadenylation signals exist for this gene.
Roger David Kornberg is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine. Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for his studies of the process by which genetic information from DNA is copied to RNA, "the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription."
Cathepsin B belongs to a family of lysosomal cysteine proteases known as the cysteine cathepsins and plays an important role in intracellular proteolysis. In humans, cathepsin B is encoded by the CTSB gene. Cathepsin B is upregulated in certain cancers, in pre-malignant lesions, and in various other pathological conditions.
Cathepsin D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSD gene. This gene encodes a lysosomal aspartyl protease composed of a protein dimer of disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, both produced from a single protein precursor. Cathepsin D is an aspartic endo-protease that is ubiquitously distributed in lysosomes. The main function of cathepsin D is to degrade proteins and activate precursors of bioactive proteins in pre-lysosomal compartments. This proteinase, which is a member of the peptidase A1 family, has a specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin A. Transcription of the CTSD gene is initiated from several sites, including one that is a start site for an estrogen-regulated transcript. Mutations in this gene are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including breast cancer and possibly Alzheimer disease. Homozygous deletion of the CTSD gene leads to early lethality in the postnatal phase. Deficiency of CTSD gene has been reported an underlying cause of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL).
Cathepsin H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSH gene.
Cathepsin Z, also called cathepsin X or cathepsin P, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSZ gene. It is a member of the cysteine cathepsin family of cysteine proteases, which has 11 members. As one of the 11 cathepsins, cathepsin Z contains distinctive features from others. Cathepsin Z has been reported involved in cancer malignancy and inflammation.
Cathepsin F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSF gene.
Stephen J. O'Brien is an American geneticist. He is known for his research contributions in comparative genomics, virology, genetic epidemiology, mammalian systematics and species conservation. Member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Author or co-author of over 850 scientific articles and the editor of fourteen volumes.
Inder Mohan Verma is an Indian American molecular biologist, the former Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology in the Laboratory of Genetics at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the University of California, San Diego. He is recognized for seminal discoveries in the fields of cancer, immunology, and gene therapy.
Nenad Ban is a biochemist born in Zagreb, Croatia who currently works at the ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, as a professor of Structural Molecular Biology. He is a pioneer in studying gene expression mechanisms and the participating protein synthesis machinery.
Helen Donis-Keller is the Michael E. Moody Professor and Professor of Biology and Art at Olin College of Engineering in Needham, Massachusetts.
Roger Jay Phillips was an American geophysicist, planetary scientist, and professor emeritus at the Washington University in St. Louis. His research interests included the geophysical structure of planets, and the use of radar and gravity to investigate the surfaces and interiors of the planets.
Patricia Jean Johnson is an American microbiologist.
Caetano Maria Pacheco Pais dos Reis e Sousa is a Portuguese scientist who is a senior group leader at the Francis Crick Institute and a professor of Immunology at Imperial College London.
Papain-like proteases are a large protein family of cysteine protease enzymes that share structural and enzymatic properties with the group's namesake member, papain. They are found in all domains of life. In animals, the group is often known as cysteine cathepsins or, in older literature, lysosomal peptidases. In the MEROPS protease enzyme classification system, papain-like proteases form Clan CA. Papain-like proteases share a common catalytic dyad active site featuring a cysteine amino acid residue that acts as a nucleophile.
Donald Alfred Gurnett was an American physicist and professor at the University of Iowa who specialized in plasma physics.
Mona Mostafa Mohamed is an Egyptian doctor and head of the Cancer Biology Research Laboratory at Cairo University in Giza, Egypt. In 2005 she was granted the Avon Foundation-AACR International Scholar Award for her dedication to breast cancer research. Mohamed is known for her research on locally activated breast cancer, metastatic breast cancer, and inflammatory breast cancer.
James Allen Wells is a Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He received his B.A. degrees in biochemistry and psychology from University of California, Berkeley in 1973 and a PhD in biochemistry from Washington State University with Ralph Yount, PhD in 1979. He completed his postdoctoral studies at Stanford University School of Medicine with George Stark in 1982. He is a pioneer in protein engineering, phage display, fragment-based lead discovery, cellular apoptosis, and the cell surface proteome.
References
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- ↑ Sloane, Bonnie F.; Dunn, John R.; Honn, Kenneth V. (1981-06-05). "Lysosomal Cathepsin B: Correlation with Metastatic Potential". Science. 212 (4499): 1151–1153. Bibcode:1981Sci...212.1151S. doi:10.1126/science.7233209. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 7233209. S2CID 33974450.
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- ↑ Koblinski, Jennifer E; Ahram, Mamoun; Sloane, Bonnie F (2000-02-15). "Unraveling the role of proteases in cancer". Clinica Chimica Acta. 291 (2): 113–135. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(99)00224-7. ISSN 0009-8981. PMID 10675719.
- ↑ Blum, Galia; Mullins, Stefanie R; Keren, Kinneret; Fonovič, Marko; Jedeszko, Christopher; Rice, Mark J; Sloane, Bonnie F; Bogyo, Matthew (2005-09-01). "Dynamic imaging of protease activity with fluorescently quenched activity-based probes". Nature Chemical Biology. 1 (4): 203–209. doi:10.1038/nchembio728. ISSN 1552-4450. PMID 16408036. S2CID 9606676.
- ↑ "2021 AAAS Fellows approved by the AAAS Council". Science. 375 (6579): 393–397. 2022-01-28. Bibcode:2022Sci...375..393.. doi:10.1126/science.ada0325. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 246359998.
