See also
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Brass Tablature is a rather rare form of music notation that applies to all brass instruments, but is most commonly found written for trumpet[ citation needed ]. It consists of lines with partials, and numbers representing valve or slide positions.
The basic setup is shown here, with names of open notes for each partial on the left and rhythm or rhythmic notation above. The bottom line, indicating first-partial pedal tones, is not usually used by trumpet or horn. The seventh partial (B♭ on trumpet) is flat relative to equal temperament, and thus its use is also avoided. This method is impractical in the altissimo range, because of fingering differences between horns.[ citation needed ]
1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a 9:D6______________________ 8:C6______________________ 7:B♭5_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6:G5______________________ 5:E5______________________ 4:C5______________________ 3:G4______________________ 2:C4______________________ 1:C3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Numbers are used to represent fingerings. For trumpet may be seen true fingerings (0 or any combination of 1, 2, or 3) or, more commonly, positions (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Trombone tablature will always have slide positions. Here is an example of a two octave C major scale for trumpet:
1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a 1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a 9:D6________________________________________________________________ 8:C6________________________________________________4___2___1_______ 7:B♭5_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6:G5_________________________________________3___1__________________ 5:E5_________________________________3___1__________________________ 4:C5_____________________4___2___1__________________________________ 3:G4_____6___4___3___1______________________________________________ 2:C4_1______________________________________________________________ 1:C3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Three-valve instruments and trombones without valves have seven possible configurations or positions. Four-valve instruments, tenor trombones with F attachments and bass trombones (potentially with multiple valves) are more complicated. The extra length of tubing utilized when instruments are extended by nearly half their length throws off the ratios of the other tubes' lengths, which were designed to produce half-steps without the extra fourth valve. Compensating euphoniums and tubas allow for this by having two sets of tubes for each of the first three valves. Non-compensating instruments and trombones must not use the third position or valve combination because it is not in tune; other combinations must be altered drastically. Some musicians prefer to extend the tablature numbering system to 12 or more; others prefer a symbol to indicate a lesser-used, longer valve. In this table, the symbol "/" is used to indicate an F-valve on the trombone or the fourth valve on a four-valved instrument.
| Tablature Number | Notes for transposing instruments | Notes for concert pitch B♭ instruments | Non-compensating valved instrument fingerings | Trombone slide positions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | B♭ | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | B | A | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | B ♭ | A♭ | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | A | G | 12 or 3 | 4 |
| 5 | A♭ | G♭ | 23 | 5 |
| 6 or /1 | G | F | 13 or 4 or /0 | 6 or /1 |
| 7 or /2 | G♭ | E | 123 or 24 or /2 | 7 or /2 |
| 8 or /4 | F | E♭ | 14 or /1 | /4 |
| 9 or /5 | E | D | 124 or /12 | /5 |
| 10 or /6 | E♭ | D♭ | 234 or /23 | /6 |
| 11 or /7 | D | C | 134 or /13 | /7 |
| Staff | |
|---|---|
| Musical notes | |
| Articulation | |
| Sheet music | |
| Other systems | |
| Related | |
The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. As with all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Nearly all trombones use a telescoping slide mechanism to alter the pitch instead of the valves used by other brass instruments. The valve trombone is an exception, using three valves similar to those on a trumpet, and the superbone has valves and a slide.
The baritone horn, sometimes called baritone, is a low-pitched brass instrument in the saxhorn family. It is a piston-valve brass instrument with a bore that is mostly conical, like the smaller and higher pitched flugelhorn and tenor horn, but it has a narrower bore compared to the similarly pitched euphonium. It uses a wide-rimmed cup mouthpiece like that of its peers, the trombone and euphonium. Like the trombone and the euphonium, the baritone horn can be considered either a transposing or non-transposing instrument.
The Pirc Defence is a chess opening characterised by the response of Black to 1.e4 with 1...d6 and 2...Nf6, followed by ...g6 and ...Bg7, while allowing White to establish a centre with pawns on d4 and e4. It is named after the Slovenian grandmaster Vasja Pirc.
The Modern Defense is a hypermodern chess opening in which Black allows White to occupy the center with pawns on d4 and e4, then proceeds to attack and undermine this "ideal" center without attempting to occupy it.
The King's Indian Defence is a common chess opening. It is defined by the following moves:
The English Opening is a chess opening that begins with the move:
Bird's Opening is a chess opening characterised by the move:
The Three Knights Game is a chess opening which most commonly begins with the moves:
The Wade Defence is a chess opening characterised by the initial moves:
In a game of chess, the pawn structure is the configuration of pawns on the chessboard. Because pawns are the least mobile of the chess pieces, the pawn structure is relatively static and thus plays a large role in determining the strategic character of the position.
The Balogh Defense is an unusual chess opening beginning with the moves:
The World Chess Championship 1886 was the first official World Chess Championship match contested by Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort. The match took place in the United States from 11 January to 29 March, the first five games being played in New York City, the next four being played in St. Louis and the final eleven in New Orleans. The winner was the first player to achieve ten wins. Wilhelm Steinitz won the match 10–5, winning his tenth game in the twentieth game of the match. There were five draws.
The World Chess Championship 1889 was the second official World Chess Championship, and was between Wilhelm Steinitz and Mikhail Chigorin. It took place in Havana, Cuba. Steinitz defended his world title, and was the first of the two players to reach 10½. He won the match 10½-6½.
The third World Chess Championship was held in New York City from 9 December 1890 to 22 January 1891. Holder Wilhelm Steinitz narrowly defeated his Hungarian challenger, Isidor Gunsberg.
A World Chess Championship was played between challenger Max Euwe and title-holder Alexander Alekhine in various cities and towns in the Netherlands from 3 October to 16 December 1935. Euwe was the winner by overcoming a three-point deficit as late as the ninth game.
The 1992 Fischer–Spassky match between former world chess champions Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky was billed as a World Chess Championship, though it was an unofficial rematch of their 1972 World Championship match. Fischer won 10–5, with 15 draws.
