Bus monitoring

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Bus monitoring is a term used in flight testing when capturing data from avionics buses and networks in data acquisition telemetry systems. Commonly monitored avionics buses include

Avionics electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites, and spacecraft

Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites, and spacecraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform. The term avionics is a portmanteau of the words aviation and electronics.

Data acquisition all methods of simultaneous or sequential time measurement and counting for measurable or quantifiable data and groups of contiguous data

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems, abbreviated by the acronyms DAS or DAQ, typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The components of data acquisition systems include:

Telemetry data and measurements transferred from a remote location to receiving equipment for monitoring

Telemetry is the collection of measurements or other data at remote or inaccessible points and their automatic transmission to receiving equipment for monitoring. The word is derived from Greek the roots tele, "remote", and metron, "measure". Systems that need external instructions and data to operate require the counterpart of telemetry, telecommand.

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Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC), established in 1929, was a major provider of transport communications and systems engineering solutions for eight industries: aviation, airports, defense, government, healthcare, networks, security, and transportation. ARINC had installed computer data networks in police cars and railroad cars and also maintains the standards for line-replaceable units.

ARINC 429, "Mark33 Digital Information Transfer System (DITS)," is also known as the Aeronautical Radio INC. (ARINC) technical standard for the predominant avionics data bus used on most higher-end commercial and transport aircraft. It defines the physical and electrical interfaces of a two-wire data bus and a data protocol to support an aircraft's avionics local area network.

Ethernet computer networking technology

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since retained a good deal of backward compatibility and been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.

Typically a bus monitor must listen-only on the bus and intercept a copy of the messages on the bus. In general a bus monitor never transmits on the monitored bus. Once the bus monitor has intercepted a message, the message is made available to the rest of the data acquisition system for subsequent recording and/or analysis. [2]

There are three classes of bus monitor:

  1. Parser bus monitor
  2. Snarfer bus monitor
  3. Packetizer bus monitor

Parser bus monitor

Parser bus monitoring is also known as coherent monitoring or IRIG-106 Chapter 4 monitoring. [3] Parser bus monitors are suited to applications where the bus is highly active and only a few specific parameters of interest must be extracted.

The parser bus monitor uses protocol tracking to identify and classify messages on the bus. From the identified messages of interest, specific parameters can be extracted from the captured messages. In order to ensure that coherency is achieved whereby all extracted parameters are from the same message instance, the parameters must be triple buffered with stale and skipped indicators. Optionally time tags can be added to each parsed message.

Snarfer bus monitor

Snarfer bus monitoring is also known as FIFO or IRIG-106 Chapter 8 monitoring. [4] Snarfer bus monitors are suited to applications where all messages and traffic on the bus must be captured for processing, analysis, and recording.

A snarfer bus monitor captures all messages on the bus, tags them with a timestamp and content identifiers (for example Command or Status in the case of MIL-STD-1553 buses), and puts them into a FIFO.

Packetizer bus monitor

Packetizer bus monitors are designed for networked data acquisition systems where the acquired data from the avionics buses is captured and re-packetized in Ethernet frames for transmission to an analysis computer or network recorder. [5] [6] The packetizer bus monitor captures selected messages of interest (parsed) or all messages on the bus (snarfed) and packages the message in the payload of a UDP/IP packet. The application layer contains bus identifiers, sequence numbers and timestamps. The most popular application layer protocols used for networked data acquisition systems include the Airbus IENA format [7] and the iNET (integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry) TmNS (Telemetry Network System) format.

Airbus European aircraft manufacturer

Airbus SE is a European multinational aerospace corporation that stood as the world's second biggest aerospace and defence company in 2018. Registered in the Netherlands and trading shares in France, Germany and Spain, Airbus designs, manufactures and sells civil and military aerospace products worldwide and manufactures in the European Union and various other countries. The company has three divisions: Commercial Aircraft, Defence and Space, and Helicopters, the third being the largest in its industry in terms of revenues and turbine helicopter deliveries.

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References

  1. ↑ "ARINC 429 Tutorial" (PDF). Condor Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  2. ↑ "Metadata for Flight Test Instrumentation Systems".
  3. ↑ "IRIG-106 Chapter 4" (PDF). IRIG.
  4. ↑ "IRIG-106 Chapter 8" (PDF). IRIG.
  5. ↑ "Networked Data Acquisition" (PDF). Aerospace Testing.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. ↑ "Introduction to Networked Data Acquisition" (PDF). IRIG.[ permanent dead link ]
  7. ↑ "Conduct of Flight Tests and On-Board Computing for the A380". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-17.
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