Cadolah (or Cadalaus) (also Cadolach, Chadalhoh or Chadolah) (died 819) was the Duke of Friuli from 817 to his death. He was a son of Count Berthold (Pera[h]told) and an Ahalolfinger.
He was a patron of the monastery of Saint Gall. With his brother Uuago, he donated property in the village of Wanga to the monastery by charter dated 23 October 805. He also donated property on 17 November 817, at which time he bore the title "count" (comis) and directed his son, Berthold, to make donations in his name after his death.
By then he had been put in charge of Dalmatia, where he was the local ruler at the time when an embassy from Constantinople passed through on their way to the court of Louis the Pious (816). Sometimes after that, probably in 817, he was created Duke of Friuli. Einhard calls him Cadolaum comitem et marcæ Foroiuliensis præfectum ("Cadolah, count and prefect of the Friulian march") in 818. Einhard later calls him dux Foroiuliensis when recording his death after returning from a campaign against Ljudevit Posavski in 819. According to the Vita Hludowici imperatoris, Cadolah was replaced by Baldric.
Historians often identified Cadolah with Kotzil mentioned in De Administrando Imperio's account, "The Croats, unable to endure such treatment from the Franks, revolted from them, and slew those of them whom they had for archontes. Because of this, a large army from Francia marched against them, and after they had fought one another for seven years, at last, and with hardship, the Croats managed to prevail and killed all the Franks and their archon, called Kotzil".[1][2]
Einhard was a Frankish scholar and courtier. Einhard was a dedicated servant of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the Vita Karoli Magni, "one of the most precious literary bequests of the early Middle Ages".
Louis the Pious, also called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. He was also King of Aquitaine from 781. As the only surviving son of Charlemagne and Hildegard, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position that he held until his death except from November 833 to March 834, when he was deposed.
Year 819 (DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
The term Unknown Archon or Unnamed Serbian Archon, with the title of archon usually translated as a ruler or prince or knez, refers to ruler of the Serbs of the first half of the 7th century who led half of the Serbs from their homeland to settle in the Balkans during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (610–641), as mentioned in Emperor Constantine VII's work De Administrando Imperio. The work does not record his name, but states that he was the progenitor of the first Serbian dynasty, and that he died before the arrival of the Bulgars on the Balkans (680), succeeded by his line of descendants.
Dervan or Derwan was an early ruler of the Sorbs.
Ljudevit or Liudewit, often also Ljudevit Posavski, was the Duke of the Slavs in Lower Pannonia from 810 to 823. The capital of his realm was in Sisak. As the ruler of the Pannonian Slavs, he led a resistance to Frankish domination. Having lost the war against the Franks, who were aided by Borna duke of Guduscani as well Dalmatia and Liburnia, Ljudevit fled first to an unknown Serbian župa, and then to the Dalmatian duke Ljudemisl, who treacherously killed him.
Boïsesthlabos, transliterated as Višeslav or Vojislav, is the first Serbian ruler known by name, who ruled in c. 780. Serbia was a Slavic principality, subject to the Byzantine Empire, located in the western Balkans, bordering with Bulgaria in the east. Mentioned in the De Administrando Imperio (DAI) from the mid-10th century, Višeslav was a progenitor of the Serbian ruling family, known in historiography as the Vlastimirović dynasty. He was descended from the unnamed "Serbian prince" who led his people to the Dalmatia province and established hereditary rule under Byzantine suzerainty. The names of Višeslav's predecessors were not included in the DAI. The dynasty ruled the Principality of Serbia from the early 8th century until around 960.
Borna was the duke of Croatia from c. 810 to 821 and vassal of the Frankish Empire. He resided in Nin and was the ruler of most of the Croats in northern Dalmatia.
Vita Hludovici or Vita Hludovici Imperatoris is an anonymous biography of Louis the Pious, Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks from AD 814 to 840.
Thegan of Trier was a Frankish Roman Catholic prelate and the author of Gesta Hludowici imperatoris which is a principal source for the life of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne.
Eric was the Duke of Friuli from 789 to his death. He was the eldest son of Gerold of Anglachgau and by the marriage of his sister Hildegard the brother-in-law of Charlemagne.
Adalric was probably a Basque lord in the late eighth century in Gascony. He has been called a possible Duke of Gascony by some scholars.
Kocel was a ruler of the Slavs in Lower Pannonia. He was an East Frankish vassal titled comes (count), and is believed to have ruled between 861 or 864 and 876.
Baldric or Balderic (Bald[e]ricus) was the Duke of Friuli from 819, when he replaced Cadolah according to Thegan of Trier in his Vita Hludowici imperatoris, until 828, when he was removed from office: the last Duke of Friuli.
Aio or Haio was the probable Duke of Friuli between the death of Eric (799) and the appointment of Cadolah (817). He may have been preceded by another possible duke, Hunfrid, who died circa 808. Though he is not found as a duke in any contemporary or later sources, from his power in the region, he is surmised to have exercised the ducal authority during a period when no other duke is known.
The siege of Trsat was a battle fought over possession of the town of Trsat in Liburnia, near the Croatian–Frankish border. The battle was fought in the autumn of 799 between the defending forces of Dalmatian Croatia under the leadership of Croatian duke Višeslav, and the invading Frankish army of the Carolingian Empire led by Eric of Friuli. The battle was a Croatian victory, and the Frankish commander Eric was killed during the siege.
Porga, or Porinou, was an early ruler of the Duchy of Croatia during which rule the Croats were baptized. He succeeded his father as the archon of Croats, who ruled when the Croats successfully fought the Pannonian Avars during the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius (610–641).
The Guduscani or Goduscani were a tribe whose location and origin on the territory of early medieval Croatia remains a matter of dispute. According to different hypotheses, they were a tribe or clan of Croat, Slavic, Avaric or Gothic origin that was located around present-day Gacka (Lika), between upper Kupa River and the Dalmatian coast, or that were inhabitants around the river Guduča near the Bribir region.
The Duchy of Croatia was a medieval state that was established by White Croats who migrated into the area of the former Roman province of Dalmatia c. 7th century AD. Throughout its existence the Duchy had several seats – namely, Klis, Solin, Knin, Bijaći and Nin. It comprised the littoral – the coastal part of today's Croatia – except Istria, and included a large part of the mountainous hinterland as well.
Pribina was a Croatian nobleman and politician who is the first historically attested Ban of Croatia, having served under kings Miroslav and Michael Krešimir II of Croatia. Pribina is known to have killed king Miroslav during a civil war in the kingdom and replaced him with Michael Krešimir II because the former had restrained his jurisdiction over some areas. He ruled over counties (županija) Gacka, Krbava and Lika, according to De Administrando Imperio. He is also referred to in a charter as potens banus, meaning "powerful ban".
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