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The Jin dynasty or Jin State,officially known as the Great Jin,was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 1115 and 1234. Its name is sometimes written as Kin,Jurchen Jin,Jinn,or Chin in English to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn dynasty whose name is rendered identically in Hanyu Pinyin without the tone marking. It is also sometimes called the "Jurchen dynasty" or the "Jurchen Jin",because members of the ruling Wanyan clan were of Jurchen descent.
Emperor Mo of Jin,personal name Hudun,sinicised name Wanyan Chenglin,was the last emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. Originally a military general,he inherited the throne from his predecessor,Emperor Aizong,during the siege of Caizhou. He was killed in action on the same day he was crowned emperor,when Caizhou fell to the allied forces of the Mongol Empire and Southern Song dynasty. Having ruled as emperor for less than a day,or maybe even just a few hours,he holds the record for being the shortest-reigning monarch in Chinese history.
The Alliance Conducted at Sea was a political alliance in Chinese history between the Song and Jin dynasties in the early 12th century against the Liao dynasty. The alliance was negotiated from 1115 to 1123 by envoys who crossed the Bohai Sea. Under the alliance,the two nations agreed to jointly invade the Liao,split captured territories,and cede the Sixteen Prefectures to the Song,and forswore making unilateral peace with the Liao. In 1121-23,the Song faltered in their military campaigns but the Jin succeeded in driving remnants of the Liao imperial court to Central Asia where they formed the Western Liao dynasty. The Jin handed over several of the Sixteen Prefectures to the Song including modern-day Beijing. In 1125,the alliance ended when the Jin,sensing Song weakness,invaded southward and eventually captured the Song capital of Kaifeng in 1127.
The Jin–Song Wars were a series of conflicts between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and the Han-led Song dynasty (960–1279). In 1115,Jurchen tribes rebelled against their overlords,the Khitan-led Liao dynasty (916–1125),and declared the formation of the Jin. Allying with the Song against their common enemy the Liao dynasty,the Jin promised to cede to the Song the Sixteen Prefectures that had fallen under Liao control since 938. The Song agreed but the Jin's quick defeat of the Liao combined with Song military failures made the Jin reluctant to cede territory. After a series of negotiations that embittered both sides,the Jurchens attacked the Song in 1125,dispatching one army to Taiyuan and the other to Bianjing,the Song capital.
In the Mongol siege of Kaifeng from 1232 to 1233,the Mongol Empire captured Kaifeng,the capital of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty had been at war for nearly two decades,beginning in 1211 after the Jin dynasty refused the Mongol offer to submit as a vassal. Ögedei Khan sent two armies to besiege Kaifeng,one led by himself,and the other by his brother Tolui. Command of the forces,once they converged into a single army,was given to Subutai who led the siege. The Mongols arrived at the walls of Kaifeng on April 8,1232.
The siege of Caizhou in 1233 and 1234 was fought between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty and the allied forces of the Mongol Empire and Southern Song dynasty. It was the last major battle in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
Anzhou or An Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China,centering on modern Anlu,Hubei,China. It existed (intermittently) from 550 until 1119,when the Song dynasty renamed it De'an Prefecture.
Tanzhou or Tan Prefecture (潭州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Changsha,Hunan,China. In the Yuan dynasty it was known as Tanzhou Route (潭州路) and in the Ming dynasty as Tanzhou Prefecture (潭州府). It existed (intermittently) from 589 to 1372.
Haozhou or Hao Prefecture (濠州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Fengyang County,Anhui,China. It existed (intermittently) from 582 to 1367.
Dezhou or De Prefecture (德州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China,centering on modern Dezhou,Shandong,China. It existed (intermittently) from 589 until 1913.
Muzhou or Mu Prefecture (睦州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Jiande,Zhejiang,China. It existed (intermittently) from 603 to 1121,when its name changed to Yanzhou.
Dizhou or Di Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Huimin County,Shandong,China. It existed (intermittently) from 586 to 1373,after which it was renamed to Le'an Prefecture.
Bazhou or Ba Prefecture (霸州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China in modern Bazhou City,Hebei,China. It existed (intermittently) from 959 to 1913.
Deng Prefecture was a prefecture of imperial China centering on modern Penglai,Shandong,China. It existed intermittently from 596 until 1376.
Binzhou or Bin Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering around modern Binzhou,Shandong,China. It existed from 956 to 1913.
Laizhou or Lai Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China,centering on modern Laizhou,Shandong,China. It existed (intermittently) from 585 until 1376.
Yizhou or Yi Prefecture (宜州) was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Yizhou,Guangxi,China. It existed (intermittently) from the late 660s to 1265.
Xiuzhou or Xiu Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China,centering on modern Jiaxing,Zhejiang,China. Its administrative area contained most of modern Shanghai. It was created by the Wuyue kingdom in 938;in 1195,the Song dynasty renamed it Jiaxing Prefecture.
Wenzhou or Wen Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China,centering on modern Wenzhou,Zhejiang,China. It existed (intermittently) from 675 to 1265,when the Song dynasty renamed it Rui'an Prefecture.
Runzhou or Run Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China in modern Jiangsu,China,seated in modern Zhenjiang. It existed (intermittently) from 595 to 1113,when it became Zhenjiang Prefecture.
References
- ↑ Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-44515-5. (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7 (paperback).
- Shi Weile, ed. (2005). Zhongguo Lishi Diming Da Cidian (中国历史地名大词典)[Large Dictionary of Chinese Historical Place Names] (in Chinese). China Social Sciences Press. p. 2785. ISBN 7-5004-4929-1.
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