Camilo R. Gomez

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Camilo R. Gomez
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Camilo R. Gomez, MD, MBA in 2024
Born
Camilo Ramiro Gomez

(1960-09-12) September 12, 1960 (age 63)
Holguín, Oriente, Cuba
Alma mater Universidad Central del Este, University of Tennessee at Knoxville
SpouseKayla Kitchens Fricks
ChildrenCristina Cecilia and Camilo Aristides
Scientific career
FieldsVascular Neurology, Critical Care Neurology and Interventional Neurology
Institutions University of Missouri Columbia

Camilo Ramiro Gomez, (born September 12, 1960) is an American neurologist, medical educator, and researcher. He is one of the first 100 vascular neurologists certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN). [1] [2] Also, he is one of the founders of the subspecialty of interventional neurology in the United States [3] and one of the first 50 to be certified in this field by the United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties [4]

Contents

He has published extensively [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] and is credited with having coined the phrase Time is Brain! to denote the urgency required in the treatment of stroke patients. [5] He also introduced the term "Code Stroke" as an in-hospital method for summoning specialists to the stroke patient bedside. [6]

Early life

Gomez was born in Holguín, Cuba and emigrated in 1965, his family settling in Caracas, Venezuela. There, he attended the Fray Luis Amigo and Santo Tomas de Villanueva catholic schools. Later, in 1981, he received a M.D. from the Universidad Central del Este in San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic, and immediately emigrated to the United States to continue postgraduate education in neurology at Saint Louis University

Career

In 1986, having completed his neurology residency, he became the founding director of the Saint Louis University stroke center, incorporating a neurovascular ultrasound laboratory dedicated to the application of the new diagnostic technique of Transcranial Doppler. This work earned the first EME Transcranial Doppler Research Award in 1990, and caught the attention of Sylvia N. Souers, widow of the late Admiral Sidney W. Souers, who later agreed to donate a portion of her estate to the creation of the Souers Stroke Institute, [11] which Gomez directed until 1995.

In 1995, he was recruited by the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and became the founding director of its Comprehensive Stroke Center, [12] a post that he held until 2003. He then switched to private practice, maintained an adjunct appointment to the UAB School of Public Health, and remained the principal neurology investigator of the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS), [13] a federally funded project intended to uncover the underlying causes for the existence of the Stroke Belt.

In 2015 he led the team that secured Primary Stroke Center certification by The Joint Commission for Brookwood Medical Center [14] and, in 2016, he became Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery at Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine. At that institution, he also was Vice-Chairman of the Department of Neurology, and Medical Director of the Neuroendovascular Surgery Program at Loyola University Medical Center. [15] [16] In 2019, he joined the faculty of the department of neurology at the University of Missouri School of Medicine in Columbia, Missouri, continuing to practice vascular and interventional neurology within the University of Missouri Health Care System. [17]

Neuroimaging and Interventional neurology

He joined the American Society of Neuroimaging (ASN) in the mid-1980s, serving in its board of directors for over ten years, and as its president between 2007 and 2009. [18] He was instrumental in the education and certification of neurologists in diagnostic vascular ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and angiography. Following his seminal endovascular work in St. Louis, [7] upon moving to UAB, he continued to collaborate closely with interventional cardiologists and radiologists, becoming a member of the team that largely influenced the application of carotid artery stenting for stroke prevention. [19] [20] [21] He also worked closely with interventional neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons of the Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía in Mexico City, exchanging working visits several times each year, and leading to a productive interaction in the endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms. [22] [23] [24] The 1990s witnessed an interventional turf war between the three major specialties with stakes in the practice of neuroendovascular procedures, namely neurology, neurosurgery and neuroradiology. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] During this period, Gomez took part on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) in negotiating a common educational pathway and, as a byproduct, vascular neurology became an accredited subspecialty, [2] as well as a prerequisite for neurologists training in interventional neuroradiology. His work on mechanical neuroendovascular rescue of acute ischemic stroke [30] preceded the approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of devices specifically designed for this purpose, [31] culminating in the widespread acceptance of endovascular thrombectomy as an urgent treatment strategy in these cases.

Urgent Stroke Management and Critical Care Neurology

In the early 1990s he coined the phrase Time is Brain!, as an argument for the need to expedite the treatment of stroke victims at a time when this was not the norm, [5] and also introduced one of the first experiences using a "Code Stroke" system for managing stroke patients, in parallel to the existing procedures for treating patients with cardiac arrest. [6] He promoted the use of hypothermia for the management of critically ill neurologic patients, including stroke, [32] a subject highlighted in a 2001 article and television piece by CNN. [33] He partnered with the Birmingham Regional Emergency Medical Services System (BREMSS) to construct a regional stroke transportation system that was unique in the country. The product served as a model for national guidelines. [34] [35] [36] It became operational in 2000 and, for the first time, used a dedicated computerized system to link dedicated stroke centers within the six counties that surround the city of Birmingham, allowing them to work in a symbiotic way. [37] The system included a process for certifying stroke centers based upon a set of criteria, anteceding the current stroke center certification process by the Joint Commission.

Military service

In 1986 he joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps, becoming a member of the Saint Louis University Medical Detachment of the 21st General Hospital, 102nd Army Reserve Command (ARCOM). In December 1990, he was called to active duty in support of Operation Desert Storm, and was honorably discharged in 1994.

Honors and awards

Gomez was the commencement speaker for the graduation ceremonies at Universidad Central del Este in 1988 and is a member of the Phi Kappa Phi and Beta Gamma Sigma honor societies in business. He has been listed in several editions of Best Doctors in America. [38] In 1990, he was awarded the first Eden Medical Electronics (EME) Transcranial Doppler Research Award for his work on cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation [39] [40] and, in 2000, the Birmingham Regional EMS (BREMSS) awarded him the R. Floyd Yarborough EMS Award for being instrumental in organizing the care of stroke patients in the counties that surround the city of Birmingham, Alabama. He then received the Interventional Pioneer Award by the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology (SVIN) during their inaugural meeting in 2007. [41]

Business degree

In 2006, he completed and earned the degree of Master in Business Administration (MBA) from the Physician Executive MBA (PEMBA) program at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. [42]

Personal life

He married Sandra Maria Lopez Quiroga in 1981, but they divorced in 2007 after having had two children. He is currently married to Kayla Kitchens Fricks.

Publications (books only)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neurology</span> Medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system

Neurology is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system.

A transient ischemic attack (TIA), commonly known as a mini-stroke, is a minor stroke whose noticeable symptoms usually end in less than an hour. TIA causes the same symptoms associated with strokes, such as weakness or numbness on one side of the body, sudden dimming or loss of vision, difficulty speaking or understanding language, slurred speech, or confusion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular surgery</span> Medical specialty, operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders

Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty in which vascular diseases involving the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures and surgical reconstruction. The specialty evolved from general and cardiovascular surgery where it refined the management of just the vessels, no longer treating the heart or other organs. Modern vascular surgery includes open surgery techniques, endovascular techniques and medical management of vascular diseases - unlike the parent specialities. The vascular surgeon is trained in the diagnosis and management of diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system excluding the coronaries and intracranial vasculature. Vascular surgeons also are called to assist other physicians to carry out surgery near vessels, or to salvage vascular injuries that include hemorrhage control, dissection, occlusion or simply for safe exposure of vascular structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerebral angiography</span> Angiography that produces images of blood vessels in and around the brain

Cerebral angiography is a form of angiography which provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain, thereby allowing detection of abnormalities such as arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms. It was pioneered in 1927 by the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon, who also helped develop thorotrast for use in the procedure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carotid endarterectomy</span> Surgical procedure

Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure used to reduce the risk of stroke from carotid artery stenosis. In endarterectomy, the surgeon opens the artery and removes the plaque. The plaque forms and thickens the inner layer of the artery, or intima, hence the name of the procedure which simply means removal of part of the internal layers of the artery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carotid artery stenosis</span> Medical condition

Carotid artery stenosis is a narrowing or constriction of any part of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intraparenchymal hemorrhage</span> Medical condition

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) is one form of intracerebral bleeding in which there is bleeding within brain parenchyma. The other form is intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transcranial Doppler</span>

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and transcranial color Doppler (TCCD) are types of Doppler ultrasonography that measure the velocity of blood flow through the brain's blood vessels by measuring the echoes of ultrasound waves moving transcranially. These modes of medical imaging conduct a spectral analysis of the acoustic signals they receive and can therefore be classified as methods of active acoustocerebrography. They are used as tests to help diagnose emboli, stenosis, vasospasm from a subarachnoid hemorrhage, and other problems. These relatively quick and inexpensive tests are growing in popularity. The tests are effective for detecting sickle cell disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformations, and cerebral circulatory arrest. The tests are possibly useful for perioperative monitoring and meningeal infection. The equipment used for these tests is becoming increasingly portable, making it possible for a clinician to travel to a hospital, to a doctor's office, or to a nursing home for both inpatient and outpatient studies. The tests are often used in conjunction with other tests such as MRI, MRA, carotid duplex ultrasound and CT scans. The tests are also used for research in cognitive neuroscience.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Watershed stroke</span> Medical condition

A watershed stroke is defined as a brain ischemia that is localized to the vulnerable border zones between the tissues supplied by the anterior, posterior and middle cerebral arteries. The actual blood stream blockage/restriction site can be located far away from the infarcts. Watershed locations are those border-zone regions in the brain supplied by the major cerebral arteries where blood supply is decreased. Watershed strokes are a concern because they comprise approximately 10% of all ischemic stroke cases. The watershed zones themselves are particularly susceptible to infarction from global ischemia as the distal nature of the vasculature predisposes these areas to be most sensitive to profound hypoperfusion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subclavian steal syndrome</span> Medical condition

Subclavian steal syndrome (SSS), also called subclavian steal steno-occlusive disease, is a constellation of signs and symptoms that arise from retrograde (reversed) blood flow in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery, due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) and/or occlusion of the subclavian artery. This flow reversal is called the subclavian steal or subclavian steal phenomenon, regardless of signs/symptoms being present. The arm may be supplied by blood flowing in a retrograde direction down the vertebral artery at the expense of the vertebrobasilar circulation. It is more severe than typical vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carotid artery dissection</span> Human disease

Carotid artery dissection is a separation of the layers of the artery wall in the carotid arteries supplying oxygen-bearing blood to the head. It is the most common cause of stroke in younger adults. The term 'cervical artery dissection' should also be considered in the context of this article.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vertebral artery dissection</span> Tear of the inner lining of the vertebral artery

Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a flap-like tear of the inner lining of the vertebral artery, which is located in the neck and supplies blood to the brain. After the tear, blood enters the arterial wall and forms a blood clot, thickening the artery wall and often impeding blood flow. The symptoms of vertebral artery dissection include head and neck pain and intermittent or permanent stroke symptoms such as difficulty speaking, impaired coordination, and visual loss. It is usually diagnosed with a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carotid stenting</span>

Carotid artery stenting is an endovascular procedure where a stent is deployed within the lumen of the carotid artery to treat narrowing of the carotid artery and decrease the risk of stroke. It is used to treat narrowing of the carotid artery in high-risk patients, when carotid endarterectomy is considered too risky.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leptomeningeal collateral circulation</span>

The leptomeningeal collateral circulation is a network of small blood vessels in the brain that connects branches of the middle, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, with variation in its precise anatomy between individuals. During a stroke, leptomeningeal collateral vessels allow limited blood flow when other, larger blood vessels provide inadequate blood supply to a part of the brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carotid ultrasonography</span> Ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique

Carotid ultrasonography is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique to evaluate structural details of the carotid arteries. Carotid ultrasound is used to diagnose carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and can assess atherosclerotic plaque morphology and characteristics. Carotid duplex and contrast-enhanced ultrasound are two of the most common imaging techniques used to evaluate carotid artery disease.

John David Spence is a Canadian medical doctor, medical researcher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Western Ontario. He is affiliated with the University of Western Ontario and the Robarts Research Institute, one of Canada's leading medical research organizations. Before his retirement from clinical practice in July 2022, he was also affiliated with the London Health Sciences Centre's University Hospital. He is a recognized expert in stroke prevention and stroke prevention research, with more than 600 peer-reviewed publications since 1970. He delivered more than 600 lectures on stroke prevention in 42 countries. In 2015, he received the Research Excellence Award from the Canadian Society for Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. In 2019, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada, and in 2020 he received the William Feinberg Award from the American Heart Association for excellence in clinical stroke research.

Interventional neuroradiology (INR) also known as neurointerventional surgery (NIS), endovascular therapy (EVT), endovascular neurosurgery, and interventional neurology is a medical subspecialty of neurosurgery, neuroradiology, intervention radiology and neurology specializing in minimally invasive image-based technologies and procedures used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the head, neck, and spine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Jeffrey Aminoff</span> American clinical neurologist and neurophysiologist

Michael Jeffrey Aminoff is a clinical neurologist and neurophysiologist whose later clinical work focused on treating Parkinson's disease and related movement disorders. He retired in 2022 and lives in San Francisco, California.

Elad I. Levy is an American neurosurgeon, researcher, and innovator who played a major role in the development and testing of thrombectomy, which improved quality of life and survival of stroke patients. He has focused his career and research on developing evidence based medicine and literature showing the benefits of thrombectomy for the treatment of stroke. He is currently Professor of Neurosurgery and Radiology, and the L. Nelson Hopkins, MD Professor Endowed Chair of the Department of Neurosurgery at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brajesh K. Lal</span> American surgeon

Brajesh K. Lal, born in 1963 in Varanasi, India and of Indian origin, is an American surgeon, and an expert in vascular disease, particularly the prevention and treatment of stroke and venous disease. He is a tenured Professor of Vascular Surgery at the University of Maryland and Professor of Neurology at Mayo Clinic. He holds additional appointments at the Departments of Bioengineering at the University of Maryland and George Mason University. He founded and currently directs the multi-specialty Center for Vascular Research and the NIH Vascular Imaging Core Facility at the University of Maryland. He has been elected as a Distinguished Fellow of the Society for Vascular Surgery and Distinguished Fellow of the American Venous Forum.

References

  1. ↑ "ABPN VerifyCert".
  2. 1 2 Adams, HP; Kenton EJ; Scheiber SC; Juul D (September 2004). "Vascular Neurology: A New Neurologic Subspecialty". Neurology. 63 (5): 774–776. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000137026.13947.f9. PMID   15365122. S2CID   36956267., additional Vascular.
  3. ↑ Qureshi, AI (2011). Textbook of interventional neurology . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.  1–9. ISBN   9780521876391., additional History
  4. ↑ "Interventional Neurology Diplomates". UCNS Diplomates IN.
  5. 1 2 3 Gomez CR: Time is Brain! J Stroke and Cerebrovasc Dis 3:1-2. 1993, additional Time
  6. 1 2 3 Gomez CR, Malkoff MD, Sauer CM, Tulyapronchote R, Burch CM and Banet GA: Code Stroke: An Attempt to Shorten In-Hospital Therapeutic Delays. Stroke. 25(10): 1920-1923. 1994, additional Code
  7. 1 2 Gomez CR and Kern MJ. Cerebral Catheterization: Back to the Future. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 6(5): 308-312. 1997, additional Cath
  8. ↑ Gomez, [edited by] Charles H. Tegeler, Viken L. Babikian, Camilo R. (1995). Neurosonology. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN   0815187920.{{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Gomez, John P. McCartney, Kathleen M. Thomas-Lukes, Camilo R. (1997). Handbook of transcranial doppler. New York: Springer. ISBN   0387946934.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Gomez, [edited by] James D. Geyer, Camilo R. (2007). Stroke : a PRACTICAL APPROACH. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. ISBN   978-0781766142.{{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "Souers Stroke Institute - SLU Care". Souers Stroke Institute - SLU Care. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  12. ↑ "Stroke Warriors: The Rapid Response Stroke Team". UAB Magazine (Winter): 19–23. 1996.
  13. ↑ Howard, VJ; Cushman M; Pulley L; Gomez CR; Go RC; Prineas RJ; Graham A; Moy CS; Howard G (2005). "The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study: Objectives and Design". Neuroepidemiology. 25 (3): 135–143. doi:10.1159/000086678. PMID   15990444. S2CID   22555698.
  14. ↑ "Brookwood Stroke Center". Brookwood Baptist Stroke Care. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  15. ↑ "Neurologist Camilo R. Gomez, MD, Pioneer in Neuroendovascular Surgery, Joins Loyola". LUMC - Neurology & Neurosurgery. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  16. ↑ "Camilo Gomez, MD, FAAN,FAHA". LUMC - Camilo R. Gomez. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  17. ↑ "Gomez Faculty Page". MU Neurology Faculty. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  18. ↑ "ASN History". American Society of Neuroimaging. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  19. ↑ Gomez, C.R. (1998). "The Role of Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting". Seminars in Neurology. 18 (4): 501–511. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1040903. PMID   9932621.
  20. ↑ Gomez, C.R. (2000). "Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: New Horizons". Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2 (2): 151–159. doi:10.1007/s11883-000-0110-4. PMID   11122739. S2CID   2937801.
  21. ↑ White, C.J.; Gomez, C.R.; Iyer, S.; Wholly, M.; Yadav, J.S. (2000). "Carotid Stent Placement for Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease: Current State of the Art". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 51 (3): 339–346. doi:10.1002/1522-726x(200011)51:3<339::aid-ccd24>3.0.co;2-t. PMID   11066123. S2CID   5322889.
  22. ↑ Zenteno, M.A.; Murillo-Bonilla, L.M.; Guinto, G.; Gomez, C.R.; Martinez, S.R.; Higuera-Calleja, J.; Lee, A.; Gomez-Plata, S. (2005). "Sole stenting bypass for the treatment of vertebral artery aneurysms: Technical case report". Neurosurgery. 57 (1 Suppl): 208. doi: 10.1227/01.neu.0000163683.64511.24 . PMID   15987592. S2CID   41571535.
  23. ↑ Zenteno, M.A.; Santos-Franco, J.A.; Freitas-Modenesi, J.M.; Gomez, C.R.; Murillo-Bonilla, L.; Aburto-Murrieta, Y.; Diaz-Romero, R.; Nathal, E.; Gomez-Llata, S.; Lee, Angel (2008). "Use of the sole stenting technique for the management of aneurysms in the posterior circulation in a prospective series of 20 patients". Journal of Neurosurgery. 108 (6): 1104–1118. doi:10.3171/jns/2008/108/6/1104. PMID   18518712.
  24. ↑ Zenteno, M.A.; Gomez, C.R.; Santos-Franco, J.A.; Vinuela, F.; Aburto-Murrieta, Y.; Lee, A. (2010). "Ten-year follow-up of giant basilar aneurysm treated by sole stenting technique: a case report" (PDF). Journal of Medical Case Reports. 4: 64. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-4-64 . PMC   2843709 . PMID   20175900.
  25. ↑ Kori, SH (November 1993). "Interventional neurology: a subspecialty whose time has come". Neurology. 43 (11): 2395–9. doi:10.1212/wnl.43.11.2395. PMID   8232967. S2CID   40207861.
  26. ↑ Gomez, Camilo (August 1995). "Interventional Neurology". Neurology. 45 (4): 850, author reply 850–1. doi:10.1212/wnl.45.4.850. PMID   7723990. S2CID   45114262.
  27. ↑ Teitelbaum, George (August 1995). "Interventional Neurology". Neurology. 45 (4): 850, author reply 850–1. doi:10.1212/wnl.45.4.850. PMID   7723992. S2CID   45114262.
  28. ↑ Levin, David; Matteucci T (August 1990). ""Turf battles" over imaging and interventional procedures in community hospitals: survey results". Radiology. 176 (2): 321–4. doi:10.1148/radiology.176.2.2367646. PMID   2367646.
  29. ↑ Lakhan, Shaheen; Kaplan A; Laird C; Leiter Y (2009). "The interventionalism of medicine: interventional radiology, cardiology, and neuroradiology". International Archives of Medicine. 2 (27): 27. doi: 10.1186/1755-7682-2-27 . PMC   2745361 . PMID   19740425.
  30. ↑ Gomez, CR; Wadlington V; Terry JB; Tulyapronchote R (October 1999). "Neuroendovascular rescue. Nonthrombolytic approach to acute brain ischemia". Critical Care Clinics. 15 (4): 755–776. doi:10.1016/s0749-0704(05)70086-5. PMID   10569120.
  31. ↑ Katz, JM; Gobin YP (May 2006). "Merci Retriever in acute stroke treatment". Expert Rev Med Devices. 3 (3): 273–280. doi:10.1586/17434440.3.3.273. PMID   16681448. S2CID   2736385.
  32. ↑ Perry, Patrick (2001). "Putting Strokes on Ice". Saturday Evening Post. Vol. 273, no. 2. Retrieved 3 March 2001.
  33. ↑ Rowland, Rhonda. "Doctor fights stroke with innovative tactics". CNN. Retrieved February 15, 2001.
  34. ↑ Acker, JE. "Regional Stroke System Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
  35. ↑ Acker, JE. "A Stroke System of Care 2000 – 2013 BREMSS: The Good, Bad, and Ugly!" (PDF). Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  36. ↑ Debellis, A. "Birmingham Emergency Routing System Becomes National Model" . Retrieved 3 June 2007.
  37. ↑ "Expanding a Life-Saving Technology".
  38. ↑ "Who made the Best Doctors list in Alabama?" . Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  39. ↑ Lewis, L.M.; Gomez, C.R.; Ruoff, B.E.; Gomez, S.M.; Hall, I.S.; Gasirowski, B. (1990). "Transcranial Doppler Determination of Cerebral Perfusion in Patients Undergoing CPR: Methodology and Preliminary Findings". Ann Emerg Med. 19 (10): 1148–1151. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81520-3. PMID   2221522.
  40. ↑ Lewis, L.M.; Stothert, J.C.; Gomez, C.R.; Ruoff, B.E.; Hall, I.S.; Chandel, B.; Standeven, J. (1994). "A Noninvasice Method for Monitoring Cerebral Perfusion During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation". Journal of Critical Care. 9 (3): 169–174. doi:10.1016/0883-9441(94)90013-2. PMID   7981780.
  41. ↑ "SVIN Society News : Volume 1, Issue 1". Svin.org. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-02.
  42. ↑ "Physician Leader Profiles" . Retrieved 3 March 2006.
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