Canadian AIDS Society

Last updated
Canadian AIDS Society
Société canadienne du sida
FormationMay 12, 1987;37 years ago (1987-05-12) [1]
TypeCharitable organization
April 1, 1988 (1988-04-01) [2]
Legal statusActive
PurposeSupport and advocate for those affected by HIV/AIDS
Headquarters355-1554 Carling Avenue
Ottawa, Ontario
K1Z 7M4
Official languages
English; French
Executive Director
Ken Miller
Website www.cdnaids.ca

The Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) is a national charitable organization dedicated to advocating for AIDS Service Organizations across Canada. Established in 1987 amidst the growing HIV/AIDS crisis and an inadequate governmental response, CAS initially began as a grassroots movement and later formalized into a coalition, incorporating in 1988. The decision to relocate to Ottawa was strategic, aiming to enhance engagement with governmental bodies. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

Throughout its history, CAS has been involved in shaping national policies related to HIV/AIDS, including advocating for the development and renewal of the National AIDS Strategy (NAS) in Canada. CAS has also worked to secure funding for HIV/AIDS initiatives nationwide, facing challenges such as resistance from government officials. [4] [5]

CAS conducts community outreach and awareness campaigns, managing initiatives such as National HIV Testing Day, AIDS Walk Canada, and the stewardship of the Canadian AIDS Memorial Quilt. These programs aim to raise awareness and provide support to individuals affected by HIV/AIDS across the country. [6] [7] [8]

In recent years, CAS has expanded its efforts to promote HIV testing and sexual health advocacy, emphasizing the importance of sustained access to testing resources, while continuing to address the needs of those impacted by HIV/AIDS within Canada's public health landscape. [9] [10]

History

The Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) was established in response to the growing HIV/AIDS crisis in Canada during the 1980s. At that time, the Canadian government's response to the epidemic was largely inadequate, resulting in insufficient support and resources to address the challenges posed by HIV/AIDS. Faced with bureaucratic inactivity and the absence of a coordinated national strategy, local organizations, including AIDS Service Organizations (ASOs), recognized the need to unite their efforts. The formation of CAS stemmed from discussions and collaborations among representatives of these ASOs during national conferences on HIV/AIDS held in Montreal in 1985 and Toronto in 1986. These conferences played a crucial role in mobilizing efforts to combat the epidemic on a broader scale, leading to the establishment of CAS as a national umbrella organization. [3]

In 1987, the CAS hosted its national conference in Ottawa, using the proximity to the nation's capital to engage with federal government agencies and to educate government officials about the needs of community-based AIDS organizations. across the country. [11]

Initially operating as an informal network, CAS became a formalized coalition upon its incorporation in 1988. Led by Michael Phair, its first board chair from Edmonton, CAS relocated to Ottawa and obtained charity status, providing greater access to government channels and a more stable funding base. The membership of CAS grew from 16 to 27 organizations at the time of incorporation. [12] [13] With formalization, CAS could represent AIDS Service Organizations (ASOs) across the nation, advocating for their interests at the national level, which continuing to champion the concerns of local ASOs. The decentralized structure of CAS ensured that member organizations retained influence in the decision-making processes of the coalition. This emphasis on accountability to local organizations was imperative for CAS to uphold its credibility and effectiveness as a national advocacy entity. [3]

Since 1988, the Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) has reserved a seat on its board of directors for a person living with HIV/AIDS (PHA). Following the establishment of the First Annual Forum for PHAs in 1992, CAS has addressed a broad spectrum of issues relevant to PHA, including treatment and research, income security, housing and hospice care, and health promotion strategies. [14] [15]

National AIDS Strategy

The Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) was involved in advocacy efforts related to the development and renewal of the National AIDS Strategy (NAS) in Canada. Despite initial challenges, such as resistance from Minister of Health Jake Epp, CAS initiated advocacy efforts for a National AIDS Strategy to address the escalating epidemic. Political momentum increased with the appointment of Perrin Beatty as Minister of Health in 1989, who committed to developing the NAS during the 5th International Conference on AIDS in Montreal. CAS established itself as a credible organization on Parliament Hill, gaining direct access to Minister Beatty and influencing policy discussions. Their efforts led to the release of the first phase of the NAS in 1990, with an annual budget of $37.3 million. CAS advocated for the renewal and expansion of the NAS through various means, including negotiations and policy development. [5] [16] [17]

In 1993, Phase II of the NAS was launched, allocating $42.2 million annually over five years. CAS retained its position as a significant stakeholder in the negotiations for the National AIDS Strategy (NAS), ultimately securing the renewal of Phase III, which was renamed the Canadian Strategy on HIV/AIDS in 1998. This renewal was endorsed by Minister of Health Allan Rock and included ongoing government funding of $42.2 million annually. By then, CAS had grown to over 120 member organizations and expanded its staff to 22 employees, consolidating its position as a legitimate voice in Canadian politics and a vital advocate for AIDS Service Organizations (ASOs) nationwide. [4] [18] [19]

Structure

Member organizations

The Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) acts as a representative body for AIDS Service Organizations (ASOs) across Canada, spanning multiple provinces and cities. Eligibility for membership requires organizations to be community-based and volunteer-driven, with a primary focus on HIV/AIDS activities. [20]

Evolution of governance and representation

The Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) is overseen by a board of directors, which includes two representatives from each region of Canada, one of whom is required to be HIV-positive. Additionally, CAS has two at-large board seats for one male and one female member, ensuring gender-diverse representation. One board seat is allocated for a young person living with HIV. [21]

Funding

CAS has received funding from the federal government through the Public Health Agency of Canada. However, since the reorganization of funding priorities for HIV and Hepatitis C in 2016, CAS has not received any federal funding. This shift, alongside broader underfunding issues for HIV/AIDS service organizations in Canada, has provoked strong criticism from various stakeholders, including CAS's national partner, the HIV Legal Network. [22] [23]

Programs and campaigns

AIDS memorial quilt

In 1989, the Persons With AIDS (PWA) Coalition in Halifax organized the Canadian Tour of the American Names Project AIDS Memorial Quilt across Canada as part of a larger North American Tour. Collaborating with local AIDS activists, they exhibited the quilt to coincide with local Pride Week activities, with each host city required to raise $10,000 to cover the costs of hosting the quilt. [24] [25] [26] [27]

The quilt journeyed through seven Canadian cities during the months of June and July:

As the quilt traveled, local panels were created to remember those who died of AIDS. The Canada Quilt took shape during the US Quilt's tour, with new Canadian panels. Returned to Halifax in July, these panels formed the first sections of the Canadian AIDS Memorial Quilt. Although separate from the US Quilt, the Names Project in Canada follows identical procedures. In October 1989, the Halifax PWA Coalition exhibited the Canadian quilt at the final display of the entire US quilt on The Ellipse in Washington, D.C. [35] [36]

In 1992, the Canadian AIDS Society (CAS) cared for the Quilt until 1994. The Names Project Canada located in Halifax took over in June 1994, [37] growing the quilt from 400 to over 640 panels. Originating as a response to the AIDS epidemic, the quilt commemorates lives and raises funds for AIDS service organizations. [38]

National HIV testing day

On June 27, 2019, CAS hosted its second annual event in collaboration with local health workers and community organizations. Over 100 community organizations established HIV testing sites for Canada's annual National HIV Testing Day, which is held each year. [39] [9]

STBBI testing during the COVID-19 pandemic

In collaboration with the University of Ottawa and Ottawa Public Health, CAS partnered with local organizations such as the AIDS Committee of Ottawa (ACO) in piloting the GetaKit project, which facilitated the first testing of HIV self-testing home kits in Ottawa on April 23, 2020. [40]

Approved by Health Canada on November 3, 2020, the first HIV self-testing home kits serve as a tool to reduce the number of undetected infections. [41] [42]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt</span> Memorial quilt project honoring lives lost to AIDS-related causes

The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt, often abbreviated to AIDS Memorial Quilt or AIDS Quilt, is a memorial to celebrate the lives of people who have died of AIDS-related causes. Weighing an estimated 54 tons, it is the largest piece of community folk art in the world, as of 2020. It was conceived in 1985, during the early years of the AIDS pandemic, when social stigma prevented many AIDS victims from receiving funerals. It has been displayed on the Mall in Washington, D.C., several times. In 2020, it returned to San Francisco, where it is cared for by the National AIDS Memorial. It can be seen virtually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACT UP</span> International AIDS activism, direct action and advocacy group

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power is an international, grassroots political group working to end the AIDS pandemic. The group works to improve the lives of people with AIDS through direct action, medical research, treatment and advocacy, and working to change legislation and public policies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GMHC</span> New York City–based non-profit AIDS service organization

The GMHC is a New York City–based non-profit, volunteer-supported and community-based AIDS service organization whose mission statement is to "end the AIDS epidemic and uplift the lives of all affected." Founded in 1982, it is often billed as the "world's oldest AIDS service organization," as well as the "nation's oldest HIV/AIDS service organization."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treatment Action Campaign</span> South African HIV/AIDS activist organization

The Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) is a South African HIV/AIDS activist organisation which was co-founded by the HIV-positive activist Zackie Achmat in 1998. TAC is rooted in the experiences, direct action tactics and anti-apartheid background of its founder. TAC has been credited with forcing the reluctant government of former South African President Thabo Mbeki to begin making antiretroviral drugs available to South Africans.

The Canadian Red Cross Society is a Canadian humanitarian charitable organization, and one of 192 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The organization receives funding from both private donations and from Canadian government departments.

Arthur Jacob "Jake" Epp, is a Canadian executive and former politician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</span> United States governmental initiative

The United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is the global health funding by the United States to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease. The U.S. allocation of over $110 billion marks the largest investment by any country has ever made towards combating a single disease. As of 2023, PEPFAR has saved over 25 million lives, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International AIDS Society</span> Association of HIV/AIDS professionals

The International AIDS Society (IAS) is the world's largest association of HIV/AIDS professionals, with 11,600 members from over 170 countries as of July 2020, including clinicians, people living with HIV, service providers, policy makers and others. It aims to reduce the global impact of AIDS through collective advocacy. Founded in 1988, IAS headquarters are located in Geneva, and its president since 2024 is Beatriz Grinsztejn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</span> Pandemic of HIV/AIDS

The global pandemic of HIV/AIDS began in 1981, and is an ongoing worldwide public health issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2023, HIV/AIDS had killed approximately 40.4 million people, and approximately 39 million people were infected with HIV globally. Of these, 29.8 million people (75%) are receiving antiretroviral treatment. There were about 630,000 deaths from HIV/AIDS in 2022. The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million per year. Global incidence fell rapidly from 1997 to 2005, to about 2.6 million per year. Incidence of HIV has continued to fall, decreasing by 23% from 2010 to 2020, with progress dominated by decreases in Eastern Africa and Southern Africa. As of 2023, there are about 1.3 million new infections of HIV per year globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada</span> Royal commission of inquiry into the tainted blood scandal in Canada

The tainted blood disaster, or the tainted blood scandal, was a Canadian public health crisis in the 1980s in which thousands of people were exposed to HIV and hepatitis C through contaminated blood products. It became apparent that inadequately-screened blood, often coming from high-risk populations, was entering the system through blood transfusions. It is now considered to be the largest single (preventable) public health disaster in the history of Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capital Pride (Ottawa)</span> Annual LGBT pride week festival in Ottawa, Ontario

Ottawa Capital Pride is an annual LGBTQ pride event, festival, and parade held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Gatineau, Quebec, from mid to late August. Established in 1986, it has evolved into a 7 to 9-day celebration of the 2SLGBTQIA+ community, advocating for equality, diversity, and inclusion in the National Capital Region. The festival offers bilingual events in English and French, known as 'Capital Pride / Fierté dans la capitale', seamlessly blending local pride with national importance.

HIV.gov, formerly known as AIDS.gov, is an internet portal for all United States federal domestic HIV and AIDS resources and information. On World AIDS Day, December 1, 2006, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched AIDS.gov. The site contains content and links that guide users to their desired information.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS in Lesotho</span>

HIV/AIDS in Lesotho constitutes a very serious threat to Basotho and to Lesotho's economic development. Since its initial detection in 1986, HIV/AIDS has spread at alarming rates in Lesotho. In 2000, King Letsie III declared HIV/AIDS a natural disaster. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in 2016, Lesotho's adult prevalence rate of 25% is the second highest in the world, following Eswatini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS in Rwanda</span>

Rwanda faces a generalized epidemic, with an HIV prevalence rate of 3.1 percent among adults ages 15 to 49. The prevalence rate has remained relatively stable, with an overall decline since the late 1990s, partly due to improved HIV surveillance methodology. In general, HIV prevalence is higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and women are at higher risk of HIV infection than men. Young women ages 15 to 24 are twice as likely to be infected with HIV as young men in the same age group. Populations at higher risk of HIV infection include people in prostitution and men attending clinics for sexually transmitted infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS in Canada</span>

HIV/AIDS was first detected in Canada in 1982. In 2018, there were approximately 62,050 people living with HIV/AIDS in Canada. It was estimated that 8,300 people were living with undiagnosed HIV in 2018. Mortality has decreased due to medical advances against HIV/AIDS, especially highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Launched in October 2008, the Southern AIDS Living Quilt is a website dedicated to promoting awareness of the growing impact of HIV/AIDS on women in the southern United States, particularly women of color.

AIDS Vancouver, founded in early 1983, is recognized as one of the first community-based non-profit AIDS organizations in Canada, responding to the HIV/AIDS crisis in the Vancouver area. Led by co-founders Gordon Price, Noah Stewart, Dr. Mike Maynard, Daryl Nelson, and Ron Alexander Slater, the organization has aimed to provide support, education, and advocacy for individuals affected by HIV/AIDS. With a focus on grassroots efforts and community mobilization, AIDS Vancouver has been involved in efforts to address the spread of HIV and support individuals living with the virus. In March 2024, AIDS Vancouver changed its purpose, values, and name to support and empower people living with HIV for years to come, and is now operating as Ribbon Community Society, with its programs and services remaining the same.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The AIDS Support Organization</span>

The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) is an indigenous HIV and AIDS service initiative, registered in Uganda as a non-governmental organisation. It is a pioneer non-public actor in the HIV and AIDS response in Uganda. TASO is a membership organisation with over 4,000 subscriber members.

Access to medicines refers to the reasonable ability for people to get needed medicines required to achieve health. Such access is deemed to be part of the right to health as supported by international law since 1946.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HIV/AIDS activism</span> Social movement advocating for a larger societal response to HIV/AIDS

Socio-political activism to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS as well as to advance the effective treatment and care of people with AIDS (PWAs) has taken place in multiple locations since the 1980s. The evolution of the disease's progress into what's known as the HIV/AIDS pandemic has resulted in various social movements fighting to change both government policies and the broader popular culture inside of different areas. These groups have interacted in a complex fashion with others engaged in related forms of social justice campaigning, with this continuing on to this day.

References

  1. 1 2 "Federal Corporation Information: Canadian AIDS Society". Government of Canada. Corporations Canada. 12 May 1987. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  2. 1 2 "Charity Listing: Canadian AIDS Society". Government of Canada. Canada Revenue Agency. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 "Chapter Two: A Historical Summary of the Canadian AIDS Society". The evolution of the Canadian AIDS Society: a social movement organization as network, coalition and umbrella organization (Thesis). McGill University. 1 August 2000. pp. 34 to 61. Retrieved 15 January 2024. HIV/AIDS in Canada was very much one of neglect on the part of the government.
  4. 1 2 "HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, National AIDS Strategy and Budget Report". House of Commons of Canada. Parliament of Canada. May 1995. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  5. 1 2 Duffin, J. (1994). "AIDS, memory and the history of medicine: musings on the Canadian response". Genitourinary Medicine. 70 (1): 64–69. doi:10.1136/sti.70.1.64. PMC   1195183 . PMID   8300104.
  6. ↑ Britneff, Beatrice (22 June 2018). "Canadian AIDS Society lives to see another year, launching national 'HIV testing day'". Global News. Retrieved 12 October 2018. the first-ever national "HIV testing day" in the country
  7. ↑ "National AIDS Walk for Life History". AIDS Walk for Life. Scotiabank. 2007. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2024. CAS assumed management of the national AIDS walk campaign in 1996 and established AIDS Canada.
  8. ↑ "The Canadian AIDS Memorial Quilt: Website Launch!". AIDS Activist History Project. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  9. 1 2 "When it comes to HIV, know your status". SaskToday.ca. Saskatchewan: Glacier Media Group. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  10. ↑ Mallais, Chris (27 February 2024). "Unfunded = Untenable: The Uncertain Future Of At-Home HIV Testing In Canada". Queer News. Retrieved 15 April 2024. 'And so a workaround that allows them to receive this service provides autonomy in their own healthcare.' – Ken Miller, Executive Director, CAS
  11. ↑ Charles M. Roy (Refer to the nation's capital AKA Ottawa) (1 January 1996). "4". Living & Serving Persons with HIV: The Participation of PHAs in the National Community-based AIDS Movement (PDF). p. 31. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  12. ↑ "A history of HIV/AIDS". CATIE. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024. Refer to 1985 and 1986
  13. ↑ "Canadian AIDS Society". The Village Legacy Project. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  14. ↑ Charles M. Roy (1 January 1996). "4". Living & Serving Persons with HIV: The Participation of PHAs in the National Community-based AIDS Movement (PDF). McGill University. p. 32. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  15. ↑ Kinsman, Gary (14 November 2016). "Cynthia Brooke Interview" (PDF). AIDS Activist History Project. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  16. ↑ "Abstracts, International Conference on AIDS (5th: 1989: Montreal, Canada)". University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  17. ↑ Zurlinden, Jeffrey; Shilts, Randy (1988). "And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic". The American Journal of Nursing. 88: 551. doi:10.2307/3426023. JSTOR   3426023.
  18. ↑ "More help on the way for AIDS patients". CBC News Canada. 13 November 1998. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  19. ↑ Minister of Health, Allan Rock (November 2001), Current Realities: Strengthening the Response. Canada's Report on HIV/AIDS 2001 (PDF), Health Canada, retrieved 11 March 2024
  20. ↑ "Registration: In-house Organization for the CAS". Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying. 3 July 1996. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  21. ↑ Charles M. Roy (1 January 1996). "4". Living & Serving Persons with HIV: The Participation of PHAs in the National Community-based AIDS Movement (PDF). McGill University. pp. 25–32. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  22. ↑ "Dozens of HIV/AIDS organizations struggling from lost funding - iPolitics". iPolitics. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  23. ↑ "The Missing Millions: Stopping and Reversing the Steady Erosion of Federal HIV Funding" (PDF). Canadian HIV Legal Network. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  24. ↑ Anita Martinez (10 June 1989). "Halifax PWA Coalitions". Halifax Rainbow Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  25. ↑ "Names Quilt to Tour North America". Vol. 10. Communique, Northern Lambda Nord. 1 June 1989. p. 2. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  26. ↑ "Names Project Quilt 1989 North America Tour". RFD Magazine Gay. No. 57 Spring 1989. Short Mountain Collective RFD Press. March 21, 1989. p. 7. ISSN   0149-709X . Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  27. ↑ Gallagher, Kenneth (25 May 1989). "The Quilt: Handicraft of the Heart". The Charlatan . Vol. 19, no. 1. Ottawa: Charlatan Publications Inc. (published 1989). p. 16. ISSN   0315-1859 . Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  28. ↑ "AIDS Quilt come to Halifax" (PDF). Pandora. 1 June 1989. p. 16. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  29. ↑ The Representations of HIV/AIDS in Québec Cinema 1986-1996 (PDF) (Thesis). The University of Leeds. 1 September 2016. p. 35. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  30. ↑ "Pride Guide for June 9 - 18, 1998: Memorial Quilt". Gays of Ottawa (GO). 1 June 1989. pp. 3, 4, 5. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  31. ↑ Southin, Brent (1 May 1989). "Names project quilt committee in Toronto". RITES. p. 5. Retrieved 15 January 2024. Refer to the article at the bottom of the newspaper page.
  32. ↑ "A flyer promoting the Names project AIDS Memorial Quilt". Village Clinic. 29 June 1989. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  33. ↑ Robert Walker, Alison Myes (5 July 1989). "Tears flow at AIDS exhibit". Calgary Herald. p. 11. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  34. ↑ Michael Peter Brown (1 December 1994). Locating Citizenship Across the City Politics of AIDS in Vancouver, Canada (Thesis). University of British Columbia. p. 191. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  35. ↑ "Angles and VGCC News: a subject index to two Canadian periodical publications of the Vancouver gay community". Angles 6(9) (Sept. 1989): 10. (Refer to Names Project on page 614). 1 September 1989. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  36. ↑ "The Canadian AIDS Memorial Quilt". Angles 10(9) (Sept. 1992): 27. Vancouver. 1 September 1992.
  37. ↑ "Federal Corporation Information: The NAMES Project Canada, 304037-2". Government of Canada. Corporations Canada. 3 June 1994. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  38. ↑ Cotnam, Hallie (16 April 2018). "AIDS group mulls how to preserve a Canadian quilt". CBC News. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  39. ↑ "Canada's Second National HIV Testing Day Takes Place". Global Citizens. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  40. ↑ O'Byrne, P.; Musten, A.; Orser, L.; Inamdar, G.; Grayson, M. O.; Jones, C.; Francoeur, M.; Lachance, S.; Paulin, V. (17 May 2021). "At-home HIV self-testing during COVID: implementing the GetaKit project in Ottawa". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 112 (4): 587–594. doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00505-8. PMC   8127455 . PMID   33999399.
  41. ↑ "Canada approves first HIV self-test in long-awaited move to reduce screening barriers". The Canadian Press. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  42. ↑ Bresge, Adina (3 November 2020). "Canada approves first HIV self-test in long-awaited move to reduce screening barriers". The Star. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.