The voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.
The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p.
The voiced bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨b⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b. The voiced bilabial stop occurs in English,and it is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨b⟩ in obey (oU"beI).
The voiced alveolar,dental and postalveolarplosives are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental,alveolar,and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.
The alveolar ejective fricative is a type of consonantal sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨sʼ⟩.
The voiced alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental,alveolar,and postalveolar nasals is ⟨n⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n.
The voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound,used in certain spoken languages,including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet;likewise,the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩,or rarely,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel. In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants,will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns,may be placed in the velar column,(bi)labial column,or both. The placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.
The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in a number of spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨f⟩.
The close central unrounded vowel,or high central unrounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɨ⟩,namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i.
The close-mid front unrounded vowel,or high-mid front unrounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
The close-mid back rounded vowel,or high-mid back rounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨o⟩.
The open-mid central rounded vowel,or low-mid central rounded vowel,is a vowel sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɞ⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 3\. The symbol is called closed reversed epsilon. It was added to the IPA in 1993;before that,this vowel was transcribed ⟨ɔ̈⟩.
The near-close front rounded vowel,or near-high front rounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages.
Uto-Aztecan,Uto-Aztekan is a family of indigenous languages of the Americas,consisting of over thirty languages. Uto-Aztecan languages are found almost entirely in the Western United States and Mexico. The name of the language family was created to show that it includes both the Ute language of Utah and the Nahuan languages of Mexico.
Ian Maddieson is British-American linguist and professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of New Mexico,in the United States. He has served as Vice-President of the International Phonetic Association,and Secretary of the Association for Laboratory Phonology. Maddieson is best known for his work in phonetics,and phonological typology. He spent most of his academic career at the University of California,Berkeley,where he often collaborated with Peter Ladefoged in describing the patterns of speech sounds in the world's spoken languages.
The open central unrounded vowel,or low central unrounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in many spoken languages. While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front and back,it is normally written ⟨a⟩. If precision is required,it can be specified by using diacritics,typically centralized ⟨ä⟩.
Catherine Phebe Browman was an American linguist and speech scientist. She received her Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of California,Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1978. Browman was a research scientist at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey (1967–1972). While at Bell Laboratories,she was known for her work on speech synthesis using demisyllables. She later worked as researcher at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven,Connecticut (1982–1998). She was best known for developing,with Louis Goldstein,of the theory of articulatory phonology,a gesture-based approach to phonological and phonetic structure. The theoretical approach is incorporated in a computational model that generates speech from a gesturally-specified lexicon. Browman was made an honorary member of the Association for Laboratory Phonology.
The Association for Laboratory Phonology is a non-profit professional society for researchers interested in the sound structure of language. It was founded to promote the scientific study of all aspects of phonetics and phonology of oral and sign languages through scholarly exchange across disciplines and through the use of a hybrid methodology. The founding and honorary members are Amalia Arvaniti,Mary Beckman,Cathi Best,Catherine Browman,Jennifer S. Cole,Mariapaola D'Imperio,Louis M. Goldstein,JoséIgnacio Hualde,Patricia Keating,John Kingston,D.R. Ladd,Peter Ladefoged,Janet Pierrehumbert,Caroline Smith,Paul Warren,and Douglas Whalen. The Association is an international body open to scholars world-wide,and currently has over 100 members.
Julia Hirschberg is an American computer scientist noted for her research on computational linguistics and natural language processing.
