Carrie N. Baker | |
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Education | Emory University School of Law |
Alma mater | Yale University |
Carrie N. Baker is an American lawyer, Sylvia Dlugasch Bauman Professor of American Studies, and Chair of the Program for the Study of Women and Gender at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. She teaches courses on gender, law, public policy, and feminist activism and is affiliated with the American Studies program, the archives concentration, and the public policy minor. [1] She co-founded and is a former co-director of the certificate in Reproductive Health, Rights, and Justice Program [2] offered by the Five College Consortium. [1]
Baker has published four books: The Women's Movement Against Sexual Harassment (Cambridge University Press, 2007), [3] Fighting the US Youth Sex Trade (Cambridge University Press, 2018), [4] and Sexual Harassment Law (Carolina Academic Press, 2020) [5] and Public Feminisms: From Academy to Community, edited with Aviva Dove-Viebahn. Lever Press, 2023. [6]
Baker has a monthly column in the Daily Hampshire Gazette. [7] She also writes for Ms. Magazine [8] and co-chair of the Ms. Committee of Scholars, [9] which connects academic scholarship to feminist public writing. She is a former president and is now on the advisory board of the Abortion Rights Fund of Western Massachusetts. She is a board member of Planned Parenthood Advocacy Fund of Massachusetts.
Baker received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University in 1987, [10] a J.D. from Emory University School of Law in 1994, [11] and a M.A. and Ph.D. in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies from The Institute of Women's Studies at Emory University in 1994 and 2001 respectively. While in law school, she was editor-in-chief of the Emory Law Journal [1] and, from 1994 to 1996, she served as a law clerk to United States District Court Judge Marvin Herman Shoob in Atlanta, Georgia. [1]
Before teaching at Smith College, Baker taught at the Berry College in the department of Sociology and Anthropology. She also chaired the Women's Studies Program.
Her first book, The Women's Movement Against Sexual Harassment, won the 2008 National Women's Studies Association Sara A. Whaley book prize. [12]
For her teaching, Baker was awarded the 2006 Dave and Lu Garrett Award for Meritorious Teaching at Berry College, [13] the 2018 Student Government Association Annual Teaching Award at Smith College, [14] and the 2020 Sherrerd Teaching Award at Smith College. [15]
Year | Journal | Title |
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2020 | ADVANCE Journal | National Science Foundation | Amplification of Structural Inequalities: Research Sabbaticals During COVID-19 [16] |
2020 | Feminist Formations | Johns Hopkins University Press | Amplifying Our Voices: Feminist Scholars Writing for the Public [17] |
2018 | Feminist Formations | Johns Hopkins University Press | Teaching to Empower [18] |
2018 | Politics & Gender | Cambridge University Press | Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States [19] |
2017 | Violence Against Women | SAGE Journals | Challenging Narratives of the Anti-Rape Movement’s Decline [20] |
2016 | Journal of Women, Politics & Policy | Taylor & Francis Online | Obscuring Gender-Based Violence: Marriage Promotion and Teen Dating Violence Research [21] |
2015 | Journal of Human Trafficking | An Examination of Some Central Debates on Sex Trafficking in Research and Public Policy in the United States [22] |
2014 | Meridians | Duke University Press | An Intersectional Analysis of Sex Trafficking Films [23] |
2013 | Journal of Feminist Scholarship | University of Rhode Island | Moving Beyond “Slaves, Sinners, and Saviors”: An Intersectional Feminist Analysis of US SexTrafficking Discourses, Law and Policy [24] |
2008 | Journal of Women, Politics & Policy | Taylor & Francis Online | Pay No Attention to the Man Behind the Curtain! Power, Privacy, and the Legal Regulation of Violence Against Women [25] |
2007 | Journal of Women's History | Johns Hopkins University Press | The Emergence of Organized Feminist Resistance to Sexual Harassment in the United States in the 1970s [26] |
2005 | NWSA Journal | Johns Hopkins University Press | "An Orchid in the Arctic": Women's Studies in the Rural South [27] |
2004 | Feminist Studies | Race, Class, and Sexual Harassment in the 1970s [28] |
A sex worker is a person who provides sex work, either on a regular or occasional basis. The term is used in reference to those who work in all areas of the sex industry.
Transphobia consists of negative attitudes, feelings, or actions towards transgender people or transness in general. Transphobia can include fear, aversion, hatred, violence or anger towards people who do not conform to social gender roles. Transphobia is a type of prejudice and discrimination, similar to racism, sexism, or ableism, and it is closely associated with homophobia. People of color who are transgender experience discrimination above and beyond that which can be explained as a simple combination of transphobia and racism.
Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment can be physical and/or a demand or request for sexual favors, making sexually colored remarks, showing pornography, and any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault. Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace, the home, school, or religious institutions. Harassers or victims can be of any gender.
Sex work is "the exchange of sexual services, performances, or products for material compensation. It includes activities of direct physical contact between buyers and sellers as well as indirect sexual stimulation". Sex work only refers to voluntary sexual transactions; thus, the term does not refer to human trafficking and other coerced or nonconsensual sexual transactions such as child prostitution. The transaction must take place between consenting adults of the legal age and mental capacity to consent and must take place without any methods of coercion, other than payment. The term emphasizes the labor and economic implications of this type of work. Furthermore, some prefer the use of the term because it grants more agency to the sellers of these services.
Catharine Alice MacKinnon is an American feminist legal scholar, activist, and author. She is the Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School, where she has been tenured since 1990, and the James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. From 2008 to 2012, she was the special gender adviser to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court.
Jean Kilbourne is an American educator, former model, filmmaker, author and activist, who is known as a pioneer of feminist advertising criticism.
Feminist sociology is an interdisciplinary exploration of gender and power throughout society. Here, it uses conflict theory and theoretical perspectives to observe gender in its relation to power, both at the level of face-to-face interaction and reflexivity within social structures at large. Focuses include sexual orientation, race, economic status, and nationality.
Date rape is a form of acquaintance rape and dating violence. The two phrases are often used interchangeably, but date rape specifically refers to a rape in which there has been some sort of romantic or potentially sexual relationship between the two parties. Acquaintance rape also includes rapes in which the victim and perpetrator have been in a non-romantic, non-sexual relationship, for example as co-workers or neighbors.
Janice G. Raymond is an American lesbian radical feminist and professor emerita of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is known for her work against violence, sexual exploitation, and medical abuse of women, and for her controversial work denouncing transsexuality.
The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) is a radical feminist and gender-critical non-governmental organization opposing human trafficking, prostitution, and other forms of commercial sex. It has been described as a "neo-abolitionist lobby group" that represents a "carceral feminist anti-trafficking practice," and has been criticized for essentializing women and promoting a controversial and "ideologically charged" definition of trafficking. It is strongly opposed to the perspectives of the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women and the sex workers rights movement. It has been linked to anti-trans groups and its Latin American regional branch is a signatory of the manifesto of far-right anti-trans group Women's Declaration International.
Sexual violence refers to a range of completed or attempted sexual acts in which the affected party does not or is unable to consent. Theories on the causes of sexual violence are numerous and have come out of many different disciplines, such as women's studies, public health, and criminal justice. Proposed causes include military conquest, socioeconomics, anger, power, sadism, traits, ethical standards, laws, and evolutionary pressures. Most of the research on the causes of sexual violence has focused on male offenders.
Feminist views on pornography range from total condemnation of the medium as an inherent form of violence against women to an embracing of some forms as a medium of feminist expression. This debate reflects larger concerns surrounding feminist views on sexuality, and is closely related to those on prostitution, BDSM, and other issues. Pornography has been one of the most divisive issues in feminism, particularly in Anglophone (English-speaking) countries. This division was exemplified in the feminist sex wars of the 1980s, which pitted anti-pornography activists against pro-pornography ones.
Violence against men are violent acts that are disproportionately or exclusively committed against men or boys. Men are over-represented as both victims and perpetrators of violence.
Zillah R. Eisenstein is an American political theorist and gender studies scholar and Emerita Professor of the Department of Politics at Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York. Specializing in political and feminist theory; class, sex, and race politics; and construction of gender, Eisenstein is the author of twelve books and editor of the 1978 collection Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, which published the Combahee River Collective statement.
Gender inequality in Mexico refers to disparate freedoms in health, education, and economic and political abilities between men and women in Mexico. It has been diminishing throughout history, but continues to persist in many forms including the disparity in women's political representation and participation, the gender pay gap, and high rates of domestic violence and femicide. As of 2022, the World Economic Forum ranks Mexico 31st in terms of gender equality out of 146 countries. Structural gender inequality is relatively homogeneous between the Mexican states as there are very few regional differences in the inequalities present.
The Nordic Criminal Model approach to sex work, also marketed as the end demand, equality model, neo-abolitionism, Nordic and Swedish model, is an approach to sex work that criminalises clients, third parties and many ways sex workers operate. This approach to criminalising sex work was developed in Sweden in 1999 on the debated radical feminist position that all sex work is sexual servitude and no person can consent to engage in commercial sexual services. The main objective of the model is to abolish the sex industry by punishing the purchase of sexual services. The model was also originally developed to make working in the sex industry more difficult, as Ann Martin said when asked about their role in developing the model - "I think of course the law has negative consequences for women in prostitution but that's also some of the effect that we want to achieve with the law... It shouldn't be as easy as it was before to go out and sell sex."
Carceral feminism is a critical term for types of feminism that advocate for enhancing and increasing prison sentences that deal with feminist and gender issues. The term criticises the belief that harsher and longer prison sentences will help work towards solving these issues. The phrase "carceral feminism" was coined by Elizabeth Bernstein, a feminist sociologist, in her 2007 article, "The Sexual Politics of the 'New Abolitionism'". Examining the contemporary anti-trafficking movement in the United States, Bernstein introduced the term to describe a type of feminist activism which casts all forms of sexual labor as sex trafficking. She sees this as a retrograde step, suggesting it erodes the rights of women in the sex industry, and takes the focus off other important feminist issues, and expands the neoliberal agenda.
Feminist perspectives on sex markets vary widely, depending on the type of feminism being applied. The sex market is defined as the system of supply and demand which is generated by the existence of sex work as a commodity. The sex market can further be segregated into the direct sex market, which mainly applies to prostitution, and the indirect sex market, which applies to sexual businesses which provide services such as lap dancing. The final component of the sex market lies in the production and selling of pornography. With the distinctions between feminist perspectives, there are many documented instances from feminist authors of both explicit and implied feminist standpoints that provide coverage on the sex market in regards to both "autonomous" and "non-autonomous" sex trades. The quotations are added since some feminist ideologies believe the commodification of women's bodies is never autonomous and therefore subversive or misleading by terminology.
The Alliance Against Sexual Coercion (AASC) was an American organization that aimed to address sexual coercion and sexual harassment faced by working women. The organization was established in June 1976 by Freada Kapor Klein, Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz. They argued that sexual harassment toward women increases difficulties for women in the workplace by reinforcing the idea that women are inferior to men.
Nadine Taub was an American lawyer who laid the essential groundwork for women's rights in the workplace, including defending and winning the first sexual harassment case in the US in 1977. Taub played a pivotal, but largely unrecognized, role in the development of sexual harassment law in the United States. As part of a group of young female lawyers in the 1970s, including Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Nancy Stearns and others, Taub made legal history by winning cases which argued that the Constitution protected women's rights.