Related Research Articles
Hooliganism is disruptive or unlawful behavior such as rioting, bullying and vandalism, usually in connection with crowds at sporting events. A hooligan is a person that engages in illicit reckless behaviors and is a public nuisance.
The casual subculture is a subsection of football culture that is typified by hooliganism and the wearing of expensive designer clothing. The subculture originated in the United Kingdom in the early 1980s when many hooligans started wearing designer clothing labels and expensive sportswear such as Stone Island, CP Company, Lyle & Scott, Lacoste, Sergio Tacchini, Fila, Hackett, ellesse, Napapijri, & Fred Perry in order to avoid the attention of police and to intimidate rivals. They did not wear club colours, so it was easier to infiltrate rival groups and to enter pubs. Some casuals have worn clothing items similar to those worn by mods. Casuals have been portrayed in films and television programmes such as ID, The Firm, The Football Factory, and Green Street. The documentary Casuals: The Story of the Legendary Terrace Fashion featuring Pat Nevin, Peter Hooton and Gary Bushell amongst others is about the fashion that started in the late 70s and into the 1980s.
The Chelsea Headhunters are a notorious English football hooligan firm linked to the London football club Chelsea.
The Quality Street Gang operated in Manchester, England, in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Although considered by some senior officers in the Greater Manchester Police to be the instigators of much of Manchester's major crime, some maintain that the gang was nothing more than a “social friendship between a group of men” , most of whom came from Ancoats.
The Inter City Firm (ICF) is an English football hooligan firm associated with West Ham United, which was mainly active in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. The name came from the use of InterCity trains to travel to away games. They were the subject of a 1985 Thames Television documentary, Hooligan.
John Blake is an English publisher and former journalist. John Blake Publishing was acquired by Bonnier Publishing in May 2016. Blake joined Soho Friday, launched in November 2018, a venture with Richard Johnson and Derek Freeman. Ad Lib Publishing was launched in 2020.
The Zulu Warriors are a football hooligan firm associated with English football club, Birmingham City. The Zulu Warriors were formed in the late 1980s and the name allegedly came from a chant of "Zulu, Zulu" which Manchester City fans aimed at Birmingham in 1982, due to their multicultural following. However, both the "Zulu" chant and the term "Zulu Warriors", in the context of a fan following rather than as an organised gang, were in use from at least the mid 1970s.
The Millwall Bushwackers are a football firm associated with Millwall Football Club. Millwall have a historic association with football hooliganism, which came to prevalence in the 1970s and 1980s, with a firm known originally as F-Troop, eventually becoming more widely known as the Millwall Bushwackers, who were one of the most notorious hooligan gangs in England. On five occasions The Den was closed by the Football Association and the club has received numerous fines for crowd disorder. Millwall's hooligans are regarded by their rivals as amongst the stiffest competition, with Manchester United hooligan Colin Blaney describing them as being amongst the top four firms in his autobiography 'Undesirables', and West Ham hooligan Cass Pennant featuring them on his Top Boys TV YouTube channel, on which their fearsome reputation for violence was described.
The Red Army is a hooligan firm who follow English football club Manchester United. Although today the term Red Army is used mostly to refer to fans of the club in general, the hooligan firm has been one of the largest firms in British football. Firm members – and the firm itself – are sometimes known as the Men in Black, due to the members dressing in all black clothing. In his book Hotshot, Red Army hooligan Harry Gibson states that there are also sub-divisions of the firm known as the Young Munichs, the Inter City Jibbers (ICJ), the M58 Firm and the Moston Rats. In his book Undesirables, Colin Blaney has also stated that the ICJ is dedicated to carrying out acquisitive forms of crime in addition to football hooliganism. He claims that members of the group have been involved in smuggling drugs to Europe and Asia from Latin America and the Caribbean, organizing jail breaks, carrying out armed robberies, travelling overseas to Asia and mainland Europe in order to steal jewellery and committing street robberies. It is the criminal wing of the Red Army.
The Real Football Factories is a documentary series shown on the Bravo television channel in the United Kingdom and created by Zig Zag Productions. The show looks at the in-depth life of football hooligans and hooligan firms. Interviews are conducted with past and present hooligans.
'Hoxton' Tom McCourt is the former bassist and bandleader of punk rock/Oi! band, The 4-Skins. He was one of the most influential members of the skinhead revival of 1977 to 1978, the mod revival of 1978 to 1979 and the Oi! movement from 1979 to 1984.
The 6.57 Crew is an English football hooligan firm and Vigilante group linked to Portsmouth F.C. The name, 6.57 Crew is taken from the time that the Portsmouth to London Waterloo train left Portsmouth and Southsea station. The firm were one of the most active firms in the 1980s.
Cass is a 2008 British crime drama film. It stars Nonso Anozie as Cass Pennant and is directed by Jon S. Baird.
The Capital City Service (CCS) is a Scottish football hooligan firm associated with Hibernian F.C. and active from 1984 when the casual hooligan subculture took off in Scotland. Their roots were in the previous incarnations of hooligan groups attached to the club and also the wider Edinburgh and surrounding area's gang culture. They are more commonly known in the media and amongst the public as the Hibs Casuals, although within the hooligan network they may also be referred to as Hibs Boys.
The County Road Cutters are a hooligan firm associated with Premier League football club Everton F.C.
Beginning in at least the 1960s, the United Kingdom gained a reputation worldwide for football hooliganism; the phenomenon was often dubbed the British or English Disease. However, since the 1980s and well into the 1990s the UK government has led a widescale crackdown on football related violence. While football hooliganism has been a growing concern in some continental European countries in recent years, British football fans now tend to have a better reputation abroad. Although reports of British football hooliganism still surface, the instances now tend to occur at pre-arranged locations rather than at the matches themselves.
The Guvnors is a 2014 British crime film directed by Gabe Turner. Former football hooligan Cass Pennant was involved in producing the film.
Bill Gardner is an English football supporter, former football hooligan and co-author of books on football hooliganism.
Barrington Renford Patterson was an English kickboxer and mixed martial artist. At 18 stone, he competed in the super heavyweight division and once fought for a world International Kickboxing Federation Kickboxing Championship.
References
- 1 2 "Official website". Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
- 1 2 3 Solomons, Jason (27 April 2008). "Trailer Trash - Fila dealer". The Observer. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
- 1 2 3 4 Leitch, Luke (16 June 2008). "Enough with the tough from a boy named Carol". The Times. London. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
- ↑ Hargrave, Steve (29 July 2008). "Premiere of New Movie 'Cass', About Life of Convicted Football Hooligan Cass Pennant | Showbiz News". Sky News. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- 1 2 Buchan, Jamie (4 August 2008). "Article - North-east director scores hit with first film". Press and Journal. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ↑ Kilner, Martin (29 April 2002). "Welcome to the Top Ten Rumbles". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
- ↑ Bellos, Alex (1 March 2005). "Hollywood wakes up to the call of the world's biggest game". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
- ↑ [ dead link ]
- ↑ Blaney, Colin (2014). Undesirables. John Blake. pp. ix–xi. ISBN 978-1782198970.
- ↑ Edmonds, Lizzie (23 July 2015). "Cass Pennant: Notorious former football hooligan now fights against violence". Evening Standard. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
Pennant now regularly visits prisons, schools and other groups to relay his story and stop others from falling into violent crime and hooliganism.
- ↑ Barrington Patterson; Cass Pennant (4 March 2013). One-Eyed Baz - The Story of Barrington 'Zulu' Patterson, One of Britain's Deadliest Men: The True Story of Barrington 'Zulu' Patterson, One of Britain's Most Fearsome Hard Men. John Blake Publishing, Limited. ISBN 978-1-78219-378-4.
