Category management (purchasing)

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Category management is an approach to the organisation of purchasing within a business organisation, also often referred to as procurement. Applying category management to purchasing activity benefits organisations by providing an approach to reduce the cost of buying goods and services, reduce risk in the supply chain, increase overall value from the supply base and gain access to more innovation from suppliers. It is a strategic approach which focuses on the vast majority of organisational spend. If applied effectively throughout an entire organisation, the results can be significantly greater than traditional transactional based purchasing negotiations, however the discipline of category management is sorely misunderstood. [1]

Contents

The concept of category management in purchasing originated in the late 1980s. There is no single founder or originator, but the methodology first appeared in the automotive sector and has since been developed and adopted by organisations worldwide. Today, category management is considered by many global companies as an essential strategic purchasing approach. Category management has been defined as “an evolving methodology that drives sourcing strategy in progressive organisations today”. [2]

Definitions

The Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply (CIPS) defines category management as:

"Organizing the resources of the procurement team in such a way as to focus externally onto the supply markets of an organisation (as against having a focus on the internal customers or on internal ... departmental functions) in order to fully leverage purchasing decisions”. [3]

Writing in 2007, CIPS argued in favour of a level of specialisation and precision which at the time it considered to be a "less fashionable" approach to the use of limited procurement resources, and similarly CIPS Australia notes from research undertaken in 2010 that "Category managers struggle to focus and specialise when their portfolio has too much breadth (they are managing multiple categories with few, if any, synergies) or too much depth (they are tasked with end-to-end procurement responsibility including strategic, tactical and operational requirements). [4]

Jonathan O'Brien, author of Category Management in Purchasing, defines category management as:

"the practice of segmenting the main areas of organisational spend on bought-in goods and services into discrete groups of products and services according to the function of those goods or services and, most importantly, to mirror how individual marketplaces are organised. Using this segmentation organisations work cross functionally on individual categories, examining the entire category spend, how the organisation uses the products or services within the category, the marketplace and individual suppliers." [5]

Mark Webb of Future Purchasing makes three statements in defining category management:

"It is a strategic end-to-end process for buying goods and services; it aligns business goals and customer requirements with supply market capability and it maximises long-term value for the organisation." [6]

Peter Hunt, partner at ADR International, writes:

“the term category management can mean different things to different people, so a working definition is needed. A ‘category’ is the logical grouping of similar expenditure items, such as spend on advertising agency services or IT hardware. Category management is the sourcing process used to manage these categories to satisfy business needs while maximising the value delivered from the supply base”. [7]

Category management tasks

The main tasks of category management are: [8]

Analysis

Data needs to be accessed from internal systems such as demand forecasts, the current spend and pricing and existing suppliers' capabilities and performance. This data typically comes from a company's ERP system, and often requires significant data cleansing. Internal data is then combined with external data, such as public information on suppliers, commodity prices, or currencies. Category analysis can be supplemented with commercial data sources such as supplier parentage, credit ratings, sustainability scores or supplier risk profiles. The ability to gain insights from specialist organisations with category expertise often makes outsourcing this activity attractive. [8]

Development of strategy

A category strategy aligns needs to align with the business objectives and stakeholder needs. For example the Kraljic matrix can be used by category to segment the category by dividing placing it into one of four classes, based on the complexity (or risk) of the supply market (such as monopoly situations, barriers to entry, technological innovation) and the importance of the purchases or suppliers (determined by the impact that they have on the profitability of the company). [9] This then allows the category manager to define the optimal purchasing strategies for the category.

Other analyses can be used such as Porter's five forces or SWOT Analysis.

Implementation

Once a strategy has been developed it must be implemented, and this often requires sourcing activity and contracting. In addition supplier relationship management systems need to be set up to facilitate subsequent monitoring. Implementation also includes change management: making sure that all the stakeholders understand the strategy and comply with it.

Monitoring

Monitoring the category performance and value delivery using key performance indicators (KPIs) and other feedback mechanisms.

Skill requirements

CIPS Australasia argues that the skill set required for category management comprises strategic ability in relation to procurement and commercial competence, the ability to influence and communicate effectively, and a sub-set of skills which relate to the specific category being managed, which might include market knowledge, ability to set specifications for the goods and services being purchased within the category, and understanding of cost drivers and the wider environment in which the category operates. [10] White has referred to the "awesome range" of skills required. [11]

Kay Bayen of the European Institute of Purchasing Management (EIPM) has identified category management as a skill deficit area, with more procurement professionals being required to step into the role. [12]

Public sector usage

Many public sector organisations have adopted category management as a strategic transformation tool. Sir Philip Green, in his "Efficiency Review" of UK government spending (2010), recommended that "centralised procurement [should be] mandated for common categories to leverage ... buying power and achieve best practice". [13] The implementation of category management within the UK was led by the Government Procurement Service (now Crown Commercial Service) with specialist input on certain categories: for example, its adoption for the categories of scientific and technical research, market research, social and economic research and the construction sector was led by UK Shared Business Services, a partner agency of the former Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. [14]

In the United States, the federal General Services Administration, working with the Office of Management and Budget's Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP), adopted category management as an operational tool for purchasing under the leadership of Thomas Sharpe, Commissioner at the GSA's Federal Acquisition Service, in April 2014. [15] [16] [17]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kraljic matrix</span> Method used in supply chain management

In supply chain management, the Kraljic matrix is a method used to segment the purchases or suppliers of a company by dividing them into four classes, based on the complexity of the supply market and the importance of the purchases or suppliers. This subdivision allows the company to define the optimal purchasing strategies for each of the four types of purchases or suppliers.

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References

  1. ↑ Whitaker, John (May 2013). "Category Management in Purchasing". Supply Management. 18 (5): 50.
  2. ↑ "Five Best Practices for Category Management", Justin Falgione et al., Inside Supply Management, August 2008
  3. ↑ CIPS Knowledge Works: Category Management, July 2007
  4. ↑ Perfect, M., The state of the art of category management - CIPS Australia, published 2019, accessed 23 December 2021
  5. ↑ O'Brien, J., Category Management in Purchasing, Second Edition (2012), Kogan Page, London, ISBN   978-0-7494-6498-1 E-ESBN 978 0 7494 6499 8
  6. ↑ "Is Category Management More than Just Strategic Sourcing?". July 2, 2014. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  7. ↑ 'Category management explained", Supply Management, 30 January 2003, accessed 26 May 2011.
  8. 1 2 CIPS. "What is Category Management?". www.cips.org. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  9. ↑ CIPS. "What is the Kraljic Matrix?". www.cips.org. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  10. ↑ White, T., How to match the right Category Managers to the right categories, CIPS Australasia, published September 2011, accessed 20 November 2022
  11. ↑ CIPS Australia, The 4th CIPSA Category Management Forum, 6-7 April 2011, Agenda, accessed 20 November 2022
  12. ↑ Supply Chain Digest, Supply Chain News: The Category Manager and the New Skill Requirements for Procurement Professionals, published 8 September 2010, accessed 4 January 2022
  13. ↑ Sir Philip Green, Efficiency Review by Sir Philip Green Archived 2010-10-14 at the Wayback Machine , published 11 October 2010, accessed 13 June 2011
  14. ↑ UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg  This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence : Cabinet Office, Making Government business more accessible to SMEs: Two Years On , p. 22, published on 8 August 2013, accessed on 29 December 2024
  15. ↑ General Services Administration, Guide to Category Management, accessed 27 February 2021
  16. ↑ Clark, C. S., White House Issues New Guidance on Category Management, accessed 27 February 2021
  17. ↑ "The Future FAS: Categorically the Right Thing to do for Taxpayers". Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2015-03-06., accessed 6.3.2015
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