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Hemichordata is a phylum of marine deuterostome animals, generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms. They appear in the Lower or Middle Cambrian and include two main classes: Enteropneusta, and Pterobranchia. A third class, Planctosphaeroidea, is known only from the larva of a single species, Planctosphaera pelagica. The extinct class Graptolithina is closely related to the pterobranchs.
Graptolithina is a subclass of the class Pterobranchia, the members of which are known as graptolites. These organisms are colonial animals known chiefly as fossils from the Middle Cambrian through the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian). A possible early graptolite, Chaunograptus, is known from the Middle Cambrian. One analysis suggests that the pterobranch Rhabdopleura represents extant graptolites. Studies on the tubarium of fossil and living graptolites showed similarities in the basic fusellar construction and it is considered that the group most probably evolved from a Rhabdopleura-like ancestor.
Pterobranchia is a clade of small worm-shaped animals. They belong to the Hemichordata, and live in secreted tubes on the ocean floor. Pterobranchia feed by filtering plankton out of the water with the help of cilia attached to tentacles. There are about 25 known living pterobranch species in three genera, which are Rhabdopleura, Cephalodiscus, and Atubaria. On the other hand, there are several hundred extinct genera, some of which date from the Cambrian Period.
Cephalodiscus is a genus of hemichordates in the monotypic family Cephalodiscidae of the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus gilchristi is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Atubaria heterolopha is a species of hemichordates in the monotypic genus Atubaria and in the monotypic family Atubaridae. This taxon belongs to the pterobranchian order Cephalodiscida. It was described by Tadao Sato in 1936 from specimens found feeding on a colony of the hydrozoan Dycoryne conferta in Sagami Bay, Japan.
Cephalodiscus agglutinans is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus atlanticus is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus australiensis is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus calciformis is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida. It is the only pterobranch species with funnel-shaped tubaria.
Cephalodiscus dodecalophus is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus evansi is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus fumosus is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus hodgsoni is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus indicus is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus kempi is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus levinsoni is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus nigrescens is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus solidus is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
Cephalodiscus gracilis is a sessile hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida.
References
- ↑ Dilly P (1993) Cephalodiscus graptolitoides sp. nov. a probable extant graptolite. Journal of Zoology 229: 69-78.
- ↑ Swalla, B.J.; van der Land, J. (2020). "Cephalodiscus graptolitoides". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved September 17, 2020.
- ↑ Maletz, Jörg (2017). Graptolite Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118515617.
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