Chike Aniakor

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Chike C. Aniakor (born 1939) is a Nigerian artist, art historian, author, and poet whose work addresses philosophical, political, and religious themes relating to Igbo society and the Nigerian Civil War. [1] His artworks are held in major metropolitan museums including the Smithsonian Institution, Nigerian National Gallery of Art, and the Museum fur Volkerkunde in Frankfurt. Aniakor is a prolific writer and has authored over 75 books and articles.

Contents

Early life

Chike Cyril Aniakor was born in Abatete, Anambra State in Eastern Nigeria on August 21, 1939. [2] His mother was a practicing Uli artist; an art style deriving from Igbo culture. [2] His early exposure to Igbo traditions fostered his interest in their dance, art, ritual, and architectural styles. [3]

Education

Chike C. Aniakor attended the Nigerian College of Arts, Science, and Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State (renamed Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria) from 1960 to 1964 where he received his bachelor's degree in painting. [2] He did his graduate work at Indiana University, Bloomington where he received a masters (1974) and doctorate (1978) in art history. [4] During his time at the Indiana University, his paintings and poetry were displayed at numerous art shows, granting him public recognition and academic fellowship including the Rockefeller Award. [5] After graduation, he would teach at Southern University in New Orleans, UCLA, and Howard University. [2]

Since the 1970s, he has taught art and art history at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), Enugu State, Nigeria where he became a founding a member of the Nsukka group, which was later widely known for their use of the Uli art style. He was also the founder of the university's art department, which was commended for their virtuosity scholars and students as well as showcasing their artists to the international art scene. [6]

Career

Igbo culture

From 1965 to 1971, Aniakor began his teaching career at the Community Secondary School, Nnobi. [4] He spent his time educating his students on Igbo art in particular as the overall culture was the beginning motivator for Aniakor's own artworks. Igbo's community was located East of the Niger River. Aniakor saw art stemming from the location as one that needed scrutiny in order to make statements regarding its artistic development, which lead to the location becoming the setting for his later fieldwork studies. [7]

Along with the fundamentals of art, he guided students on how to take inspiration from Igbo artistic tradition as his personal work mainly contained of Igbo symbols, imageries, and techniques of elaborate surface decoration. [8] He educated students on the criteria to evaluate art specifically from the culture as well as the Igbo sense of pride and connection to their ancestry. [8] In addition, he helped train students to understand Uli art ideology, painting, and history by exhibiting modern intellectualism towards the subject. [5] [9] From 1968 to 1969, he worked as an art editor at the Ministry of Information, Enugu, Nigeria. [4] He continued his teachings at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka in 1970.

Aniakor developed the Nsukka Art Department with other staff members who worked at the University of Nigeria with him to help expand upon Igbo stylistic range. [4] [10] During the 1970s, Nigerian artist Uche Okeke worked with Aniakor to establish the Nsukka group, an association consisting of members from the department to focus on producing and reviving Uli style of art. Aniakor was among the first Nsukka artists to develop an interest in Uli, eventually leading the group to be known for its use of the style. [11] The group practiced indigenous aesthetic preference related to Uli, which simultaneously showed their sensibility towards Igbo. They found it necessary to study these indigenous traditions as their work as contemporary artists would inevitably become multifaceted. [12] [13] The Nsukka group consisted of Tayo Adenaike, El Anatsui, Olu Oguibe, Uche Okeke, Ada Udechukwu, Obiora Udechukwu, and Aniakor himself. [14] [11]

Aniakor later became an instructor at the Southern University of New Orleans from 1978 to 1979 before returning to Nsukka. [5] His methodology on conducting data about Igbo customs during his stay in the United States consisted of interviewing other artists as well as his students. In 1984, he became a research associate at UCLA focusing on further research about Igbo arts and culture, aiming to address the modernism of Nigeria that was seen in the early twentieth century alongside ideologies of decolonization. [15]

Due to his intense study and will to understand the worldview of Igbo, Herbert Cole, a scholar at UCLA, helped co write the book ‘Igbo Arts: Community and Cosmos’ with Aniakor to analyze Igbo visual culture in relation to their deities, God and goddesses, spirits, and nature. [16] [17] The book was considered an important building block to understanding African culture in the 1980s. [18] Aniakor continued his research of Igbo art history in a periodical titled Uwa ndi Igbo: Journal of Igbo Life and Culture separately from Cole. [19]

From 1986 to 1988, he returned to Nigeria once more to become the director of the Institute of African Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. [4]

1990s–present

From 1994 to 1995, Aniakor became a senior fellow at the Metropolitan Museum in New York, where his drawings put on view his Igbo roots. In 1996, he worked at the African Studies Centre of Howard University in Washington DC, holding fellowship in oral literature within the studies. [2] He contributed to the development of organizations such as the Society of Nigerian Artists and the International Society for Education. [20] He returned to the University of Nigeria in 1995, leading up to his retirement in 2005. [5]

Currently residing in Calabar, Nigeria, his artwork and writings were featured in both international and local magazines and journals as he has published various works through different media forms. [5] Aniakor uses his social experiences as a form of communication, self-expression, and favored diversity as a means to express his beliefs towards humanity. [5] Currently, Aniakor is a professor at the University of Cross River State.

Artworks

Uli

Aniakor aimed to reinvent the Uli art style since he rejected traditional European art forms. Traditionally, Uli consisted of geometric shapes, symbols, motifs, and patterns, using plants and other materials derived from earth to decorate walls and bodies, usually during ceremonies. [11]

Aniakor wanted to better understand Uli's connection to traditional African expression in order to create new creative idioms within artwork. [7] He studied how to use those newly found idioms in a contemporary environment, aiming to create a movement that favored linearity and spatial design. [21] [22] Spatial design, in terms of organizing space, was crucial in Igbo culture as it was a form of symbolism. [23] The design indicated their achievements even when faced with space constraint as achievement was their most important element of sociocultural value. [24] In the context of artwork, the design helped with stylistic interpretation of works with symbolism translating to vitality, triumph, and their experience of life. [25] [24]

The driving force behind his effort to transform Uli was the concept of a historical reconstruction. He provided awareness of the elements used within Uli motifs, which he saw as dialogical to the negative space surrounding it in his works, as well as Nigerian cultural history beyond rituality to construct conceptual considerations. [22] [15] He did so by using ethnographic teaching combined with visual arts. [24]

He further aimed to transform Uli into one of both social landscape as well as spirituality involving the cosmos, exploring that facet within Igbo society by combining celestial images and his own imagery. This included presenting human values onto spiritual entities, demonstrating the reciprocity between man and nature. [16]

Rhythms of New Life, 2001. Rhythms of New Life by Chike Aniakor.jpg
Rhythms of New Life, 2001.

Rhythms of New Life (2001) consisted of pen, ink, and watercolor on paper measuring 70 cm by 50 cm (27 x 19 in). [24] The drawing displays a variety of textured, flickering lines, translating to the anxiety of daily life. With floral-like curves, linear texture mixed with mass form was frequently combined in Aniakor's work to achieve rhythm. Curvilinear linework was a staple in Uli art as Aniakor wrote that it was element that made artworks most visually appealing to the eye. [24] Contoured patterns were favored to fill any empty space to help move the eye along the piece. [21] Aniakor's practice of these elements suggested his sense of community and reverence to the Igbo artistic space.[ citation needed ]

Biafran War

Aniakor's connection to Igbo culture was found to explain the figures he used within his own artwork. Congregated figures helped form archetypal visual images that he found defined the Igbo community, as he held the belief that in Igbo culture no individual was isolated in their struggle. Using this notion, he has been able to curate works that describe the struggle and collective despair those in the community felt while experiencing displacement during the Biafran War alongside his own perspective and narrative of the war from his personal experience. [24] [26] The war affected Igbo artists as problems including endemic corruption and political hegemony were new experiences for them. Issues of military control in Nigeria continue to be a sensitive subject for Igbo artists, with their work being a response to the disappointments they endured. [3]

Civil strife was the main theme within Aniakors personal work concerning the Nigerian-Biafran war, with focus brought to the act of social unrest in the Igbo community at the time. [24] Using bold lines, optical illusions, linear contours, and negative space he aimed to create a sensation of movement to depict messages of people physically moving away from troubled zones. These were symbolic of the fear the Igbo community felt at the time, and how the use of rhythm indicated Aniakor's understanding of how war and movement work together as a design structure within artworks.

Descent of the Falcon, 1993. Descent of the Falcon by Chike Aniakor.jpg
Descent of the Falcon, 1993.

Descent of the Falcon (1993) was executed using line etching on paper measuring 70 cm by 50 cm (27 x 19 in). [24] The piece depicts a falcon hovering over a crowd of people gathered together with worried expressions upon their faces. His use of mask like features for the faces played a role in representing the masks used especially among the Igbo as well as masks used in other African societies. [11] He often made use of negative space by drawing his human figures with elongated, stretched out bodies. [27] [1]

Using the metaphor of a beast-prey relationship, the drawing describes the relationship between the government and the people of Nigeria during the height of the military junta. [24] The falcon, representing Biafran in this piece, is seen metaphorically swooping down towards the people of Nigeria as their prey, imparting what they felt was disharmony upon their life. The use of crowded figures aimed to tell the story of despair that people endured under military authority, using this as a method to communicate Aniakor's own personal and political statements.[ citation needed ]

1970–2000

Aniakor's work from 1970 to 2000 continued to represent the relationship that the Igbo community had to Nigerian military regimes as they simultaneously captured the socioeconomic state of Nigeria at the time. [24] Using images of aggregation and spatial design helped translate his concerns of the constant conflict implemented between military junta and the Nigerian masses, demonstrating an imbalanced system.[ citation needed ]

Seasonal Ritual, 1990. Seasonal Ritual by Chike Aniakor.jpg
Seasonal Ritual, 1990.

Seasonal Ritual (1990) was created using pen, ink, and watercolor on paper measuring 70 cm by 50 cm (27 x 19 in). [24] The piece displays a circle of people connected to a smaller group of people in the center. The center symbolizes community, how it connects to Aniakor's creativity, and how it plays a role in everyday society.[ citation needed ]

This piece is also representative of political views Aniakor held in regard to the Igbo community. In Seasonal Ritual, the center creates movement to those connected to it. To Aniakor, it can either represent guiding the masses towards mobilization against an enemy or executing a disorderly plan with undetermined consequences. [24]

Poetry

Aniakor currently has a small body of freeverse poetry mainly released in the United States, Europe, and Nigeria. [3] His poetry aimed to illustrate the meaning behind his drawings as he held the viewpoint that written vocabulary is just as important in getting his artistic message across. [5] Juxtaposed to his paintings, he frequently used African motifs and symbolic figures to represent African communication styles as well as the African nature of obedience. His poetry addresses Igbo life, experiences, and the nostalgia he felt towards his time spent there. [3] Historical development and stylistic analysis were two additional things that shaped Aniakors writings, frequently labeling his poetry as visual epitaphs. [20] [9]

Come to me in silence if you can, like ripples of water from yesterday’s rain.

— Chike Aniakor, In Silence I Wait

Selected exhibitions

Group exhibitions

Solo exhibitions

Collections

Aniakor's work is held in major collections including the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art (Washington, D.C.), Asele Institute (Nimo, Anambra, Nigeria), Didi Museum (Lagos, Nigeria), Federal Ministry of Information, Cultural Division, (Lagos, Nigeria), Imago Mundi Collection (Treviso, Italy), Iwalewa House (Bayreuth, Germany), National Gallery of Art (Lagos, Nigeria), Museum fur Volkerkunde (Frankfurt, Germany), University of Nigeria, Ana Gallery, Nsukka (Enugu State, Nigeria), The Weltkulturen Museum (Frankfurt, Germany) [4]

Honors and awards

Bibliography

Books

Articles

Poems

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References

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  6. ↑ "Visionary Artists / The University of Nigeria, Nsukka". africa.si.edu.
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  8. 1 2 Aniakor, Chike (July 1978). "The Igbo Ijele Mask". African Arts. 4 (11): 42–47+95. doi:10.2307/3335343. JSTOR   3335343 – via JSTOR.
  9. 1 2 Kasfir, Sidney Littlefield (April 14, 2020). Contemporary African Art (Second) (World of Art). Thames & Hudson. pp. 1–304. ISBN   9780500775158.
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  13. ↑ Smith, Fred T. (February 1983). "Reviewed Work: Art in Development: A Nigerian Perspective by Uche Okeke". African Arts. 16 (2): 84. JSTOR   3335862 – via JSTOR.
  14. ↑ Ottenberg, Simon (2002). The Nsukka Artists and Nigerian Contemporary Art. The University of California: Smithsonian National Museum of African Art. pp. 1–330. ISBN   9780295982052.
  15. 1 2 Okeke-Agulu, Chika (February 9, 2015). Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria. Duke University Press. pp. 1–376. ISBN   9780822376309.
  16. 1 2 Aniakor, Chike; Cole, Herbert M. (1984). Igbo Arts: Community and Cosmos (1st ed.). University of California Museum of Cultural History. pp. 200–224.
  17. ↑ "Igbo | Culture, Lifestyle, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
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  19. ↑ Herbert, Cole M. "Igbo Arts and Ethnicity: Problems and Issues". African Arts. 21 (2): 26 – via JSTOR.
  20. 1 2 Okoduwa, E.A.M. Tanko (September 2007). "Chike Aniakor: The Man and his Creative Philosophy, Mind, and Art Ideas". University of Nigeria Research Publications: 1–75.
  21. 1 2 Enwezor, Okwui (1995). "Uli At The Skoto". Glendora Review. 1 (2): 23–24.
  22. 1 2 Haig, David-West (1996). "Uli Art: Master Works, Recent Works". African Arts. 29 (1): 71–74 – via JSTOR.
  23. ↑ Ene-Orji, Chinedu (2022). "Traditional Igbo Architecture: A Symbolic Evaluation". African Arts. 55 (3): 66–81 – via Project MUSE.
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  25. ↑ Aniakor, Chike (1996). "Household Objects and the Philosophy of Igbo Social Space". In Arnoldi, Mary Jo; Hardin, Kris L. (eds.). African Material Culture. Indiana University Press. pp. 214–215.
  26. ↑ Korieh, Chima J. (October 13, 2021). New Perspectives on the Nigeria-Biafra War: No Victor, No Vanquished. Lexington Books. p. 375.
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  28. 1 2 Institution, Smithsonian. "Visual Incantations". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
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