Children of the Ghetto (1899 play)

Last updated
Children of the Ghetto
Written by Israel Zangwill
Based onChildren of the Ghetto: History of a Peculiar People by Israel Zangwill (1892)
Directed by James A. Herne
Music by William Furst
Date premieredOctober 16, 1899 (1899-10-16)
Place premiered Herald Square Theatre
Original languageEnglish
SubjectLove and religious law
GenreDrama
SettingJewish quarter of London, c. 1874

Children of the Ghetto is an 1899 play written by British author Israel Zangwill. It is loosely based on Zangwill's 1892 novel of the same name. [fn 1] It is a drama in four acts, each with a subtitle and its own setting. The play is set around 1874, within the Jewish Quarter of London. The main plot centers on the love-affair of a young couple, thwarted from marrying by an obscure religious law and an unfortunate joke. The action of the play spans a hundred days time starting at Hanukkah.

Contents

It was first produced by Liebler & Company [fn 2] on Broadway, [1] staged by James Herne, and starred Wilton Lackaye, Blanche Bates, and Frank Worthing. [2]

Though successful in tryouts, the play and its author drew negative reactions from New York reviewers and the local Jewish community during its Broadway run. [3] It closed after two months, and the production then moved to London during December 1899 but lasted only a week. [4] The following US national tour had mixed success, garnering some praise but eventually losing money. [5] The play was never revived on Broadway, though a Yiddish adaptation was produced in the Bowery during December 1904. [6] It was also adapted for the screenplay of a 1915 motion picture of the same name. [7]

While it did not return its backers investment, [8] scholar Edna Nahshon wrote that Children of the Ghetto "should not be judged by the conventional standards of theatrical success or failure". [9] Its legacy was as the "first Jewish play presented on the Anglo-American English language stage". [9]

Characters

Only the principal speaking parts are given. Characters are listed in order of appearance within their scope.

Lead

Supporting

Featured

Synopsis

The play was never published during the author's lifetime, its first print appearance being in Edna Nahshon's From the Ghetto to the Melting Pot: Israel Zangwill's Jewish Plays (2006), [10] which is the source for this synopsis.

Act I: The Letter of the Law (At Milly's house at the feast of Hanukkah.) Michael, Ephraim, and Milly greet Sam, who has returned from a business trip bringing a ring for his fiancé, Leah. The four are interrupted by Pinchas, who flogs his books and cadges a meal in the kitchen. Malka and Esther return from the market, followed shortly by Leah. Hannah arrives to collect donations for a charity. Sam shows everyone the ring, then jokingly puts it on Hannah's finger and recites the marriage vow. Pinchas warns them this was a valid marriage. He rushes off to bring Reb Schmeul while Esther fetches her father. Reb Schmeul says a Get must be prepared and Sam must give it to Hannah to effect a divorce. Moses Ansell prepares the document while Reb Schmeul instructs Sam in how to deliver it. The divorce is validated as the act ends. (Curtain)

Act II: The Spirit of Love (A ball at the People's Club, at Purim, 72 days later.) At the Purim ball Malka decries the secularisation of the modern holiday, as Leah and Milly waltz with men other than their husbands. Soon Michael comes to lead her into the dancing, while Sam Levine greets his old school friend David Borden, just back from Cape Town with a modest fortune from years of prospecting. Simon Wolf leaves the celebration to visit the labor hall. A little side story plays out involving Sugarman, Shosshi, Mrs. Belcovitch, and Becky. David rescues Hannah from a tipsy Pinchas; he has heard something of her from Sam, and she soon teases him with the story of her quick marriage and divorce. They like one another, but when David asks if her hypothetical future lover might feign piety, she replies that Truth must be the bedrock of any liaison. (Curtain)

Act III: The Letter and the Spirit (Reb Schmeul's study, on the Great Sabbath, 25 days later.) [fn 3] Reb Schmeul, Mrs. Jacobs, and Hannah have finished their Sabbath meal. Mrs. Belcovitch and Shosshi come to discuss a money quarrel, but are turned away as it is the Sabbath. Pinchas and Guedalyah ask Reb Schmeul to head up a fund for Jewish resettlement in Palestine. Hannah takes Mrs. Jacobs upstairs at Pinchas' entry. Guedalyah is told by Reb Schmuel he will consider it. Pinchas lingers to press his suit for Hannah, which her father sidesteps. Once Pinchas is gone, Hannah comes downstairs to tell her father of her betrothment with David. Reb Schmeul gives his permission then goes up to bed. Esther drops by next, to solicit Hannah's goodwill for her little brother. As she leaves, David surprises Hannah in the open doorway. She tells him the good news. Reb Schmeul, hearing the commotion comes down, and the three decide to celebrate. But a chance remark by David, that he is a descendent of Aaron and hence a Kohen , ruins the mood. Reb Schmeul cites the law: a Kohen may not marry a divorced woman. Sam's joke has destroyed Hannah and David's chance for happiness. David rages against this obscure law but is rebuked by Reb Schmeul. Hannah proclaims her love for David, but will not go with him in defiance of her religion. (Curtain)

Act IV: Love and Law (At the ghetto marketplace in front of Reb Schmeul's house, three days later.) The waning hours of the street market are shown before sundown on Friday. Many of the minor characters have their little moments getting ready for the Sabbath. Reb Schmeul gives all his money and even his coat to beggers. A noisy labor march comes through the street, led by Simon Wolf and Pinchas, embittered by Hannah's rejection. They mock the faithful getting ready for services and in turn are mocked by the pious. Reb Schmeul leaves the Synagogue to remonstrate with them, and they move off. David catches Hannah outside her house. He begs her to elope with him to America. She first agrees then relents, then agrees again, but when her father returns from services, she cannot bear to leave him. As the curtains are closed at the Jacobs' house, David hurls a rock in frustration. Hearing it strike, Mrs. Jacobs says it was a Christian rough. Reb Schmeul, thinking of the labor marchers, replies, "It is worse-- it is some Jewish rough". Hannah, sent to close the shutters, is confronted once more by David, but sends him away, while her father recites a prayer. (Slow Curtain)

Differences from novel

The multi-threaded storyline of the novel was consolidated down to the romance of Hannah Jacobs and David Brandon. [11] The character of Esther Anstell occupied a major place in the novel, but was reduced for the play. The role of Melchitsedek Pinchas was expanded in the drama by assigning him the actions of several minor characters from the novel, principally Old Hyams. [11] The character of Levi Jacobs, Hannah's brother in the novel, was eliminated for the play, and that of Mrs. Jacobs reduced, to strengthen the relationship between Hannah and her father. [12]

Original production

Background

Liebler & Company had a successful production with The Christian , [13] an 1898 drama adapted from a novel by its author, Hall Caine. [14] Looking for another novel to dramatise, [15] partners T. A. Liebler and George C. Tyler came across Children of the Ghetto (1892). Tyler said they had been warned about Zangwill, that he was a polarising figure in the Jewish world [fn 4] and that he had antagonised American drama critics with an 1898 lecture tour. [3] But Liebler & Company were sparing no expense, paying director James A. Herne $500 a week, [16] and casting ten popular stars of the day to woo audiences. [17] There would eventually be forty-one speaking parts, and up to 150 people on stage during the fourth act marketplace scene. [18]

The author was very much involved with casting and the play's production. [19] The overall scenic design was by the author's brother, artist Mark Zangwill, [19] while the settings were built by Frank E. Gates and E. A. Morange. [20] William Furst composed a prelude, and incidental music for Act IV, drawing on traditional Hebrew songs. [19] In order to establish the English copyright, the first performance of the play was done in near secrecy at Deal, England, on July 25, 1899. [21]

Zangwill arrived in America by August 20, 1899, to begin working with director James A. Herne on staging Children of the Ghetto. [22] Rehearsals began that week; a cast list from then shows actor Wilson Deal started in the role of Michael Birnbaum. [21] By September 12, 1899, his name was replaced in advertising by Emil Hoch. [23] Advertising in the weeks before the first tryout featured the play's title in extra large font, [23] but by the day of the first tryout had been superseded by ads with "The Zangwill Play" in large font followed by the title within paranthese and in much smaller font. [24] The ostensible reason for the switch was the September debut of a play called The Ghetto by Herman Heijermans, [25] but which a critic in New York would ascribe to the author's vanity. [26]

Cast

Principal cast for the tryouts and during the original Broadway and London runs.
RoleActorDatesNotes and sources
Melchisedak PinchasWilliam NorrisSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899Zangwill wanted David Warfield for this role, which Nahson says was "central to his vision of the play". [19]
Hannah Jacobs Blanche Bates Sep 18, 1899 - Nov 25, 1899
Rosabel MorrisonDec 11, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899For the London run only, Morrison who usually played "Leah", took the female lead. [27]
Reb Shmeul Wilton Lackaye Sep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
David Borden Frank Worthing Sep 18, 1899 - Nov 25, 1899
Robert Edeson Dec 11, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899Edeson played the role only for the London run. [27]
Michael BirnbaumEmil HochSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Ephraim PhillipsFrank CornellSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Sam LevineFred LottoSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Milly PhillipsLaura AlmosninoSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
LeahRosabel MorrisonSep 18, 1899 - Nov 25, 1899
Ellen BurgDec 11, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899Burg played the role for the London run only. [28]
Malka Ada Dwyer Sep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Esther Ansell Mabel Taliaferro Sep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899Taliaferro was, like her character, 12 years old during the production.
Moses Ansell Adolph Lestina Sep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
GuedalyahGus FrankelSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Simon WolfClaude BrookeSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
SugarmanCharles StanleySep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Shosshi Schmendrick Richard Carle Sep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Mrs. BelcovitchMadame CottrellySep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
BeckyAda CurrySep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Mrs. JacobsLouise MuldenerSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899
Widow FinkelsteinSadie StringhamSep 18, 1899 - Dec 16, 1899

Tryouts

Children of the Ghetto had its first tryout on September 18, 1899, at the National Theater in Washington, D.C. [29] The reviewer for The Evening Times called it the "most important production of the Washington season", but said a "success Children of the Ghetto may be, but never in its present form". [29] They felt the superfluous situations and characters of the first two acts, and the lack of dramatic substance until the third act, weakened the play despite the overall excellence of the performances. [29]

The production then moved to Ford's Opera House in Baltimore starting September 25, 1899. [30] The Baltimore Sun review said Children of the Ghetto was a rare dramatization that achieved both popular and artistic success. [30]

The play had its final tryout in Philadelphia, at the Walnut Street Theatre starting on October 2, 1899. [31] Zangwill, when visiting the city for the tryout, denied a rumor that changes had been made in the play since Washington, D.C. [32] The reviewer for The Philadelphia Inquirer noted "it was less dramatic than it is pictorial" but felt the weak drama was compensated for by depictions of Jewish life and customs. [31] They also praised the acting of Wilton Lackaye, Frank Worthing, Blanche Bates, Richard Carle, and Mabel Taliaferro, but thought William Norris' Pinchas exaggerated. The Philadelphia Times reviewer concurred in the latter judgement, but also felt Carle's interpretation of Schmendrick too clownish. [33] Both Philadelphia critics said the play was very well received by the audience, with Zangwill making a few remarks at the final curtain. [31] [33]

Premiere and reception

The play premiered on Broadway at the Herald Square Theatre on October 16, 1899. [34] For New York only, Zangwill had a printed prologue distributed to the audience, something that no reviewer mentioned as happening at the tryouts. This work of forty rhymed lines was a preview of the play's theme and storyline. [2]

New York drama critics remembered Zangwill's 1898 lecture tour disparaging their craft, and let him know it in their opening night columns. The Brooklyn Daily Times reviewer admired Zangwill's dialogue and "large number of contrasting characters", but felt the latter had preoccupied the author to the detriment of dramatic structure, "this sample of his abilities as a dramatist hardly justifies the position he has assumed as criterion of the play-making art." [34] The review complimented the acting and noted the audience's favorable reaction to the play, then concluded by saying "Mr. Zangwill obtruded his picturesque personality" on stage after the final curtain. [34] The New York Times review said the play "was found to justify the expectations of its worth", but noted the audience applause at the final climax "was clearly of a purely perfunctory sort". [2]

The review for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle featured a bit of animus that focused on the author as much as the play. “The play has several titles… It is modestly termed, in the very largest type, The Zangwill Play. The 'The' refers to Zangwill, and not to the play. It is then sub-termed Children of the Ghetto. And it is declared to be 'An Original Drama, by Mr. Israel Zangwill, Founded on his World Famous Novel of the same Title'. The regret that no credit whatsoever is given to Mr. Zangwill in all this elusive announcement will be extreme. We regret to say, it is not a play at all. It is a panorama set in four scenes. And if it were a pantomime as well as a panorama, the appearance of many people in it would be improved…" [26]

The Standard Union by contrast gave good notices to the production without reference to the author's personality, its only caveat being the lengthy fourth act discussions of religion in a play that had already lasted over two hours. [35] The Sun also carried a positive review, calling Children of the Ghetto "a play of words and not of deeds". [36]

Severe criticism came two days after the premiere from an editorial in The New York Times. It accused Zangwill of not keeping faith with his fellow practitioners of Judaism in Children of the Ghetto: "Its author presents the most sacred of Jewish rites, not in their highest, but in their lowest phases, not as a plea for respect, but as an excuse for laughter. This is disloyalty." [37]

Broadway closing

Children of the Ghetto closed on November 25, 1899, at the Herald Square Theatre. [38] Liebler & Company then took the production company to London, where the play opened on December 11, 1899, at the Adelphi Theatre. [27] It lasted only a week, which producer George C. Tyler ascribed to British gloom over the Second Boer War. [39] English reviewers, though recognizing the play's originality and merit, [40] cited the incongruous accents of the all-American cast in portraying London Jews, [27] the weak drama springing from a joke, [28] and the use of anti-climax as weaknesses. [40]

Adaptations

Stage

Children of the Ghetto was translated into Yiddish by Leon Kobrin and presented at the People's Theatre in the Bowery starting December 23, 1904. [6] It starred Sigmund Feinman as Reb Schmeul, with Boris Thomashefsky as David Brandon, and Bessie Thomashefsky as Hannah Jacobs. [6]

Film

During November 1914, it was reported that a film of Children of the Ghetto was being made by the Box Office Attraction Company in arrangement with Liebler & Company [fn 5] at a cost of $75,000. [41] Wilton Lackaye reprised his role as Reb Schmeul Jacobs for this five-reel [fn 6] 1915 release. [7] [42] The film was started in late December 1914, at the Pathe Studio in New York. [43] It was produced by Frank Powell and distributed by William Fox. [44]

Notes

  1. ↑ The titles of both the novel and the play are sometimes erroneously given an initial "The".
  2. ↑ This was a partnership between investor T. A. Liebler and producer George C. Tyler.
  3. ↑ During this act occasional sounds of rocks being thrown against the house and mutterings of "Jew, Jew" are heard from outside the door. Also, three times during the act an old Irish woman enters the house after tapping at the door. She ignores and is ignored by others present. This is the Sabbath Fire Woman; at each visit she extinguishes a few more candles, until at the end of the act the stage is left in darkness.
  4. ↑ Neither partner was of Jewish heritage. Tyler's informant was likely Abe Erlanger, with whom he had a close working relationship for many years.
  5. ↑ This was one month before Liebler & Company went bankrupt and was placed into receivership.
  6. ↑ Some advertisements stated it was in six parts.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel Zangwill</span> British author (1864–1926)

Israel Zangwill was a British author at the forefront of cultural Zionism during the 19th century, and was a close associate of Theodor Herzl. He later rejected the search for a Jewish homeland in Palestine and became the prime thinker behind the territorial movement.

Night Hostess is a 1928 play in three acts written by Philip Dunning. Its author called it a Dramatic comedy, but most contemporary reviewers said it was a melodrama. It has a large cast, fast pacing, and one setting. The main storyline concerns a crooked nightclub manager who is robbing customers and cheating the owner, complicated by two murders and a romantic triangle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Morton (author)</span> Musical artist

Edward A. Morton (1858–1922) was a British 19th-century writer. His works included the musical comedy San Toy.

<i>The Melting Pot</i> (play) 1908 play by Israel Zangwill

The Melting Pot is a play by Israel Zangwill, first staged in 1908. It depicts the life of a Russian Jewish immigrant family, the Quixanos, in the United States. David Quixano has survived a pogrom, which killed his mother and sister, and he wishes to forget this horrible event. He composes an "American Symphony" and wants to look forward to a society free of ethnic divisions and hatred, rather than backward at his traumatic past.

<i>Sag Harbor</i> (play) 1899 play by James Herne

Sag Harbor, sub-titled An Old Story, is an 1899 comedy, the last play written by American author James Herne. It has four acts and three settings, all within Sag Harbor, New York, while the action covers a two-year time span. The play is a rural comedy, with two brothers competing for the same girl, and an older widower wooing a shy spinster. The play avoids melodrama, emphasising the realistic nature of its characters, though as one critic pointed out they occasionally do unreal things.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wesley Addy</span> American actor (1913–1996)

Robert Wesley Addy was an American actor of stage, television, and film.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aline MacMahon</span> American actress (1899–1991)

Aline Laveen MacMahon was an American actress. Her Broadway stage career began under producer Edgar Selwyn in The Mirage during 1920. She made her screen debut in 1931, and worked extensively in film, theater, and television until her retirement in 1975. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Dragon Seed (1944).

First Lady is a 1935 play written by Katharine Dayton and George S. Kaufman. It is a three-act comedy, with three settings and a large cast. There are four scenes, which occur at monthly intervals starting with the December prior to a presidential election year. The story concerns a Washington, D.C. socialite who almost lets her rivalry with another social maven impede her husband's political future. The title is a play on the usual term accorded to a President's wife, suggesting it really belongs to the leading society hostess in the capitol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harold R. Heaton</span> American cartoonist and actor

Harold Robertson Heaton was a newspaper artist whose work focused on cartoons. His prodigious body of work contributed to the development of political cartoons. He also illustrated books and produced sketches and paintings. He left newspaper work in 1899 to begin acting on the stage, and later wrote plays as well. He returned to cartooning for six years beginning in 1908, but continued acting while doing so. He appeared in many Broadway productions through 1932. A brief retrospective on his employment with the Chicago Tribune, from October 1942, mentioned his obituary had been printed "a few years ago".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Village East by Angelika</span> Movie theater in Manhattan, New York

Village East by Angelika is a movie theater at 189 Second Avenue, on the corner with 12th Street, in the East Village of Manhattan in New York City. Part of the former Yiddish Theatre District, the theater was designed in the Moorish Revival style by Harrison Wiseman and built from 1925 to 1926 by Louis Jaffe. In addition to Yiddish theatre, the theater has hosted off-Broadway shows, burlesque, and movies. Since 1991, it has been operated by Angelika Film Center as a seven-screen multiplex. Both the exterior and interior of the theater are New York City designated landmarks, and the theater is on the National Register of Historic Places.

<i>Lovey Mary</i> (book) 1903 novel by Alice Hegan Rice

Lovey Mary is a 1903 novel by the American writer Alice Hegan Rice. The novel was first serialized in the monthly Century Magazine beginning in December 1902, then was published in book form by The Century Company on February 28, 1903. It was a sequel to the author's 1901 novel Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch. The book contains eighteen illustrations by Florence Scovel Shinn, one of which is reproduced on the cover. The story spans three years in the life of Lovey Mary, an orphan who finds acceptance among the poor folks of the Cabbage Patch, an area which was inspired by Rice's personal experiences growing up in Kentucky.

<i>Children of the Ghetto</i> (film) 1915 silent film by Frank Powell

Children of the Ghetto is a 1915 William Fox film with Broadway star Wilton Lackaye. Israel Zangwill wrote the story. Production of the film by the Box Office Attractions Company began in late December 1914 at the Pathe Studio in New York. When presented for exhibition in late January 1915, it comprised five reels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">José Ruben</span> French-born American actor

José Ruben was a French-born actor whose career from 1910 on was in the United States. He first rose to prominence in 1916-1917 with the Washington Square Players, and for the next ten years was a highly regarded lead player. He acted in over twenty silent films and was a fixture on Broadway stages, as both performer and director, for over forty years. He also taught drama at Barnard College and was a stage director for the New York City Opera.

<i>The Garden of Allah</i> (play) Play by Robert Hichens

The Garden of Allah is a play written by Robert Hichens and Mary Anderson. It was based on Hichens 1904 novel of the same name. It consists of four acts and an epilogue, with a medium-sized speaking cast and slow pacing. The play is concerned with the romance between a wealthy young Englishwoman and a half-Russian, half-English man of mysterious background. The settings are various locales in French Algeria and French Tunis around 1900, particularly the oasis town of Beni-Mora, a fictional name for Biskra. The title stems from an Arabic saying that the desert is the Garden of Allah.

<i>The Family Upstairs</i>

The Family Upstairs is a play in three acts by Harry Delf. It has a medium-sized cast, one setting, and quick pacing. It is a domestic comedy, centered around the five-member apartment-dwelling Heller family, their endless bickering, and the elder daughter's suitor.

<i>The Christian</i> (1898 play) 1898 play by Hall Caine

The Christian is an 1898 play written by British author Hall Caine. It is a drama, with a prologue and four acts. Caine insisted the play was not an adaptation of his 1896 novel of the same name, but rather a new story using the same principal characters. It was more a romance than the theological drama of the novel, as an Anglican vicar of a slum parish in 1890's London tries to persuade a music hall performer to give up her career.

<i>Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch</i> (play) 1903 play by Anne Crawford Flexner

Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch, is an 1903 comedy by American author Anne Crawford Flexner. It was based on two books by Alice Hegan Rice, Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1901) and Lovey Mary (1903). It has three acts and two settings, all within the "Cabbage Patch", an impoverished neighborhood on the fringes of Louisville, Kentucky. The character-driven play covers three weeks time and has multiple storylines, including an ill-starred mail-order marriage, two refugees from an orphanage, the return of a long-lost husband, and a handful of young romances.

<i>Merely Mary Ann</i> (play) 1903 play by Israel Zangwill

Merely Mary Ann is an 1903 play by British author Israel Zangwill. It is based on his own work of the same name, written in 1893 and later included in The Grey Wig (1903). It has four acts and three settings. The story explores the changing relationship between the younger son of a baronet, who has forsaken inheritance for composing, and an orphaned country girl, now working in a cheap London lodging house.

<i>Salomy Jane</i> (play) 1907 play by Paul Armstrong

Salomy Jane, is a 1907 play by Paul Armstrong. It was loosely based on the short story Salomy Jane's Kiss by Bret Harte, but also pulled in characters from other Harte works. It has four acts and five scenes, taking place over sixteen hours in Calaveras County, California around 1855.

Edna Nahshon is professor of Jewish theater and drama at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Her interests include Yiddish and Israeli theater and drama. She is also and a senior fellow at Oxford University's Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies.

References

  1. ↑ "Noted First Night". The Daily Times. New Brunswick, New Jersey. October 16, 1899. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. 1 2 3 "Dramatic and Musical". The New York Times. New York, New York. October 17, 1899. p. 7 – via NYTimes.com.
  3. 1 2 Tyler and Furnas, p.163
  4. ↑ "The Dramatic Year 1899". Glasgow Herald. Glasgow, Scotland. January 2, 1900. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ↑ Tyler and Furnas, pp.167-169
  6. 1 2 3 Nahshon, p.107
  7. 1 2 "Garden Theatre". The Chat. Brooklyn, New York. February 20, 1915. p. 34 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ↑ Tyler and Furnas, p.167, where Tyler says the production had lost $75,000 by the end of its tour.
  9. 1 2 Nahshon, p.109
  10. ↑ Nahshon, p.61
  11. 1 2 Nahshon, p.62
  12. ↑ Nahshon, p.63
  13. ↑ Tyler and Furnas, pp.144-145
  14. ↑ Tyler and Furnas, p.141
  15. ↑ Tyler and Furnas, p.149
  16. ↑ Tyler and Furnas, pp.149-150
  17. ↑ Tyler and Furnas, p.162
  18. ↑ "The "Ghetto" At Ford's". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. September 23, 1899. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Nahshon, p.70
  20. ↑ "At The Theatres". The Times. Washington, D.C. September 19, 1899. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. 1 2 "Rehearsing Zangwill's Play". The New York Times. New York, New York. August 27, 1899. p. 16 – via NYTimes.com.
  22. ↑ "Distinguished Author Zangwill Speaks Prophetically of Dreyfus Case". The Buffalo Times. Buffalo, New York. August 20, 1899. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. 1 2 "National (ad)". The Evening Times. Washington, D.C. September 12, 1899. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "National (ad)". The Evening Times. Washington, D.C. September 18, 1899. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ Nahshon, pp.80-81
  26. 1 2 "The Zangwill Play". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. October 17, 1899. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Adelphi Theatre". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. December 12, 1899. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. 1 2 ""Children of the Ghetto", at the Adelphi". The Pall Mall Gazette. London, England. December 12, 1899. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. 1 2 3 "At The Theatres". The Evening Times. Washington, D.C. September 19, 1899. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. 1 2 "Theatres Last Night". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. September 26, 1899. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. 1 2 3 "At The Playhouses". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. October 3, 1899. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ "Mr. Zangwill In The City". The Times. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. October 2, 1899. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. 1 2 "What Was Seen At The Theatres". The Philadelphia Times. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. October 3, 1899. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. 1 2 3 ""Children of the Ghetto"". Brooklyn Daily Times. Brooklyn, New York. October 17, 1899. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ↑ "'Children of the Ghetto' at the Herald Square Theatre". The Standard Union. Brooklyn, New York. October 17, 1899. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ↑ "New Plays On Our Stage". The Sun. New York, New York. October 17, 1899 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ↑ "Topics of the Times". The New York Times. New York, New York. October 18, 1899. p. 6 – via NYTimes.com.
  38. ↑ "Gossip of the Stage". Brooklyn Times Union. Brooklyn, New York. November 25, 1899. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ Tyler and Furnas, p.166, though Tyler, writing thirty years later, confused Black Week with the later Battle of Spion Kop.
  40. 1 2 "At The Play". The Observer. London, England. December 17, 1899. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ "O'Klare Theatre". Leader-Telegram. Eau Claire, Wisconsin. November 29, 1914. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ↑ "Stageland Gossip". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. January 28, 1915. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ↑ "News of the Movies". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. January 2, 1915. p. 25 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ↑ "City Square Theatre (Advertisement)". Sunday Gazette. Atlantic City, New Jersey. February 14, 1915. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.