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Breast reconstruction is the surgical process of rebuilding the shape and look of a breast, most commonly in women who have had surgery to treat breast cancer. It involves using autologous tissue, prosthetic implants, or a combination of both with the goal of reconstructing a natural-looking breast. This process often also includes the rebuilding of the nipple and areola, known as nipple-areola complex (NAC) reconstruction, as one of the final stages.
The breasts are two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso among humans and other primates. Both sexes develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. The relative size and development of the breasts is a major secondary sex distinction between females and males. There is also considerable variation in size between individuals. Female humans are the only mammals which permanently develop breasts at puberty; all other mammals develop their mammary tissue during the latter period of pregnancy; at puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause permanent breast growth.
Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely. A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer have the operation as a preventive measure. Alternatively, some women can choose to have a wide local excision, also known as a lumpectomy, an operation in which a small volume of breast tissue containing the tumor and a surrounding margin of healthy tissue is removed to conserve the breast. Both mastectomy and lumpectomy are referred to as "local therapies" for breast cancer, targeting the area of the tumor, as opposed to systemic therapies, such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy.
Mammaplasty refers to a group of surgical procedures, the goal of which is to reshape or otherwise modify the appearance of the breast. There are two main types of mammoplasty:
- Augmentation mammaplasty is commonly performed to increase the size, change the shape, and/or alter the texture of the breasts. This usually involves the surgical implantation of breast implant devices.
- Reduction mammaplasty is commonly performed to reduce the size, change the shape, and/or alter the texture of the breasts. This involves the removal of breast tissue.
Massachusetts General Hospital is a teaching hospital located in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the original and largest clinical education and research facility of Harvard Medical School/Harvard University, and houses the world's largest hospital-based research program with an annual research budget of more than $1.2 billion in 2021. It is the third-oldest general hospital in the United States with a patient capacity of 999 beds. Along with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General is a founding member of Mass General Brigham, formerly known as Partners HealthCare, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts.
The U.S. Women's Health and Cancer Rights Act, also known as Janet's Law, signed into law on October 21, 1998 as part of the 1999 omnibus bill, contains protections for patients who elect breast reconstruction in connection with a mastectomy. This law, which is administered by the Department of Labor and Health and Human Services, states that group health plans, insurance companies, and health maintenance organizations (HMOs) must provide coverage for reconstructive surgery after mastectomy for breast cancer and prohibited "drive-through" mastectomies, where breast cancer patient's hospital stays were limited by their carriers. The required coverage includes all stages of reconstruction of the breast on which the mastectomy was performed, surgery and reconstruction of the other breast to produce a symmetrical appearance, prostheses, and treatment of physical complications of the mastectomy, including lymphedema.
A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a person's breast. In reconstructive plastic surgery, breast implants can be placed to restore a natural looking breast following a mastectomy, to correct congenital defects and deformities of the chest wall or, cosmetically, to enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery.
Breast prostheses are breast forms intended to look like breasts. They are often used temporarily or permanently by women after mastectomy or lumpectomy procedures, but may also be used by for aesthetic purposes. There are a number of materials and designs; although, the most common construction is gel in a plastic film meant to feel similar to a person's skin. Prostheses may be purchased at a surgical supply store, pharmacy, custom lingerie shop, or even through private services that come to a person's home. There are many types of ready made breast prostheses including full or standard prostheses, partial prostheses such as shell prostheses, and stick on prostheses. Customized options are also available from specialty shops, which are moulded to fit an individual's chest by taking an impression of the breast(s). The areola and nipple may be replicated as part of the breast form or as separate nipple prosthesis. Both custom made and off-the shelf breast prostheses come in varieties that are designed to either be held in a pocket in a specially designed mastectomy bra or attached to the skin via adhesive or other methods and worn with a standard bra. There are many factors to consider when selecting breast prostheses such as different types and the care they require, insurance coverage, and psychosocial effects.
Breast cancer management takes different approaches depending on physical and biological characteristics of the disease, as well as the age, over-all health and personal preferences of the patient. Treatment types can be classified into local therapy and systemic treatment. Local therapy is most efficacious in early stage breast cancer, while systemic therapy is generally justified in advanced and metastatic disease, or in diseases with specific phenotypes.
Breast surgery is a form of surgery performed on the breast.
David B. Agus is an American physician, cancer researcher and author who serves as a professor of medicine and engineering at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Viterbi School of Engineering and the Founding Director and CEO of the Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine. He is also the cofounder of several personalized medicine companies and a contributor to CBS News on health topics. He is also the author of four books.
Susan Margaret Love was an American surgeon, a prominent advocate of preventive breast cancer research, and author. She was regarded as one of the most respected women's health specialists in the United States. Love is best known for pioneering work fueled by her criticism of the medical establishment's paternalistic treatment of women. She was an early advocate of cancer surgery that conserves as much breast tissue as possible. She also was among the first to sound the alarm on the risks of routine hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women.
Cynara Coomer is the Chief of Breast Surgery and Director of the Comprehensive Breast Center at Staten Island University Hospital and a Fox News medical contributor. She is also an assistant clinical professor of surgery specializing in breast health and breast cancer surgery at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Coomer is the recipient of several awards including the Patient’s Choice Award and America’s Top Surgeons.
MIRA is a multidisciplinary and complementary method for treating many chronic diseases. The MIRA Procedure is a result of combining efforts from different medical fields developed in the University of Chicago in 1992. It basically consists in medically grafting live rejuvenated tissue in the form of autologous adipose adult stem cells to a damaged organ in order to restore it and improve its function. This method is currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Edith A. Pérez is a Puerto Rican hematologist-oncologist. She is the Serene M. and Frances C. Durling Professor of Medicine at the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine.
Rahul Jandial is an American, dual-trained brain surgeon and neuroscientist. He is also a London Times bestselling & international bestselling author with his books translated into over 30 languages.
Nadine Rena Caron FACS, FRCSC,, is a Canadian surgeon. She is the first Canadian female general surgeon of First Nations descent (Ojibway), as well as the first female First Nations student to graduate from University of British Columbia's medical school.
Vassar Brothers Medical Center (VBMC) (formerly Vassar Brothers Hospital) is a 350-bed not-for-profit hospital overlooking the Hudson River in Poughkeepsie, New York. It is part of the Nuvance Health healthcare network and is the major medical center in Dutchess County, New York.
Prophylactic surgery, is a form of surgery whose purpose is to minimize or prevent the risk of developing cancer in an organ or gland that has yet to develop cancer and is known to be at high risk of developing cancer. This form of preventive healthcare may include surgeries such as mastectomies, oophorectomies, colectomies and surgical corrections, such as the surgical correction of cryptorchidism or undescended testis. Another less common definition of prophylactic surgery also includes the prevention of other diseases, outcomes or even future appearance.
Sally Abston was an American surgeon and scientist. She is noted as the first woman surgical resident at the University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston (UTMB), where she also worked as part of the faculty.
References
- ↑ Lorie A. Parch, Family Circle Magazine, "Your Healthy Breast Checklist", Accessed Aug. 12, 2014
- ↑ US News, Dr. Christine Louise Horner, Retrieved August 12, 2014
- 1 2 Dr. Christine Horner, New Living Magazine, "High Insulin and Sugar Increases Breast Cancer Risk", Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Dr. Christine Horner and her take on flax seed for breast health Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Christine Horner, MD, Healthy Living Magazine, "Angelina Jolie's Message", Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Nutrition World, Dr Christine Horner Discusses Breast with Dr Mercola Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ April 7, 2014, WGN.TV (Chicago) "Dr. Christine Horner on breast cancer prevention | WGN-TV", Retrieved August 12, 2014"
- ↑ 10/31/13 Mary Glenney, 88.5 WMNF News, Dr. Christine Horner talks about breast cancer... Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Michele Gillen, May 12, 2014, CBS Local News (Miami), Focus on South Florida – Preventing Breast Cancer, Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Basic Health Publishing; Dr. Christine Horner, M.D., June 5, 2013 , Yahoo! News (Finance), "Waking The Warrior Goddess" Presents Women With Robust Options for Breast Cancer Prevention, Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Jacobus Hollewijn, June 25, 2013, KMMSAM AM 1450 radio, How To Avoid and Fight Breast Cancer With Natural Therapies – Gesundheit! with Jacobus, Retrieved August 12, 2014,
- ↑ Michele Gillen, May 4, 2014, CBS Local News (Miami) via WFOR-TV, Awaken Your Warrior Goddess To Prevent Breast Cancer, Retrieved August 12, 2014
- 1 2 3 Linda Hurtado, November 20, 2013, ABC Action News, Neglected breast cancer discoveries that could save your life, possible breast cancer vaccine Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Oct 1, 2005, Susan Enfield, Delicious Living, Wise Words: A moment with Christine Horner, MD, FACS, Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Christine Horner, Wellbeing Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3., , Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ 90.5 WCBE News, January 6, 2014, Doug DANGLER, "Decreasing your risk of breast cancer: A talk with surgeon and author Dr. Christine Horner", Retrieved August 12, 2014
- 1 2 05/30/13 Dr. Christine Horner with Mary Glenney, 88.5 WMNF, Dr. Christine Horner talks about breast cancer Archived 2014-08-12 at archive.today , Retrieved August 12, 2014
- ↑ Waking the Warrior Goddess: Dr. Christine Horner's Program to Protect Against & Fight Breast Cancer . Basic Health Publications. 2005. ISBN 978-1-59120-155-7.
- ↑ Horner-Taylor, Christine (1998). "The breast reconstruction advocacy project: One woman can make a difference". The American Journal of Surgery. 175 (2): 85–86. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(97)00271-7. ISSN 0002-9610. PMID 9515520.
