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The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various times through the centuries. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since 2011, it is being published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia.
Particle physics or high energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The fundamental particles in the universe are classified in the Standard Model as fermions and bosons. There are three generations of fermions, but ordinary matter is made only from the first fermion generation. The first generation consists of up and down quarks which form protons and neutrons, and electrons and electron neutrinos. The three fundamental interactions known to be mediated by bosons are electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction.
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories, as well as more than 100 countries. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference and as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva.
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Mary Katharine Gaillard is an American theoretical physicist. Her focus is on particle physics. She is a professor of the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley, a member of the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics, and Visiting Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. She was Berkeley's first tenured female physicist.
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References
- ↑ "So, farewell then". 25 September 2015.
- ↑ "Our Team". cerncourier.com.
- ↑ "Chris Sutton's home page". Archived from the original on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
- ↑ Martin Redfern, BBC Radio Science Unit (Nov 1, 2002). "Bookshelf". CERN Courier. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. Propædia, volume 30. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2007. p. 547.
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