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Community psychology is concerned with the community as the unit of study. This contrasts with most psychology which focusses on the individual. Community psychology also studies the community as a context for the individuals within it,and the relationships of the individual to communities and society. Community psychologists seek to understand the functioning of the community,including the quality of life of persons within groups,organizations and institutions,communities,and society. Their aim is to enhance quality of life through collaborative research and action.
In social justice theory,internalized oppression is a concept in which an oppressed group uses the methods of the oppressing group against itself. It occurs when one group perceives an inequality of value relative to another group,and desires to be like the more highly-valued group.
Marie Jahoda was an Austrian-British social psychologist.
Liberation psychology or liberation social psychology is an approach to psychology that aims to actively understand the psychology of oppressed and impoverished communities by conceptually and practically addressing the oppressive sociopolitical structure in which they exist. The central concepts of liberation psychology include:conscientization;realismo-crítico;de-ideologized reality;a coherently social orientation;the preferential option for the oppressed majorities,and methodological eclecticism.
Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege. The term was coined by KimberléCrenshaw in 1989. Intersectionality identifies multiple factors of advantage and disadvantage. Examples of these factors include gender,caste,sex,race,ethnicity,class,sexuality,religion,disability,weight,physical appearance,and height. These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing.
Social representations are a system of values,ideas,metaphors,beliefs,and practices that serve to establish social order,orient participants and enable communication among the members of groups and communities. Social representation theory is a body of theory within social psychology and sociological social psychology. It has parallels in sociological theorizing such as social constructionism and symbolic interactionism,and is similar in some ways to mass consensus and discursive psychology.
Sense of community is a concept in community psychology,social psychology,and community social work,as well as in several other research disciplines,such as urban sociology,which focuses on the experience of community rather than its structure,formation,setting,or other features. The latter is the province of public administration or community services administration which needs to understand how structures influence this feeling and psychological sense of community. Sociologists,social psychologists,anthropologists,and others have theorized about and carried out empirical research on community,but the psychological approach asks questions about the individual's perception,understanding,attitudes,feelings,etc. about community and his or her relationship to it and to others' participation—indeed to the complete,multifaceted community experience.
Michael Billig is a British academic. He is Emeritus Professor of Social Sciences at Loughborough University,working principally in contemporary social psychology although much of his work crosses disciplinary boundaries in the social sciences.
Reverse racism or reverse discrimination is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are a form of anti-white racism. The concept is often associated with conservative social movements and the belief that social and economic gains by black people in the United States and elsewhere cause disadvantages for white people.
Indigenous psychology is defined by Kim and Berry as "the scientific study of human behavior or mind that is native,that is not transported from other regions,and that is designed for its people." Indigenous psychology generally advocates examining knowledge,skills and beliefs people have about themselves and studying them in their natural contexts. Theories,concepts and methods are developed to correspond with psychological phenomena. Indigenous psychology explicitly advocates for incorporating both the content and the context of research. Indigenous psychology is considered necessary since existing psychological theories are not necessarily universal,and may often represent the psychology and cultural traditions of Europe and North America.
Social dominance theory (SDT) is a social psychological theory of intergroup relations that examines the caste-like features of group-based social hierarchies,and how these hierarchies remain stable and perpetuate themselves. According to the theory,group-based inequalities are maintained through three primary mechanisms:institutional discrimination,aggregated individual discrimination,and behavioral asymmetry. The theory proposes that widely shared cultural ideologies provide the moral and intellectual justification for these intergroup behaviors by serving to disguise privilege as “normal”. For data collection and validation of predictions,the social dominance orientation (SDO) scale was composed to measure acceptance of and desire for group-based social hierarchy,which was assessed through two factors:support for group-based dominance and generalized opposition to equality,regardless of the ingroup’s position in the power structure.
S. Alexander (Alex) Haslam is a professor of psychology and ARC Australian Laureate Fellow in the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland.
Internalized racism is a form of internalized oppression,defined by sociologist Karen D. Pyke as the "internalization of racial oppression by the racially subordinated." In her study The Psychology of Racism, Robin Nicole Johnson emphasizes that internalized racism involves both "conscious and unconscious acceptance of a racial hierarchy in which whites are consistently ranked above people of color." These definitions encompass a wide range of instances,including,but not limited to,belief in negative stereotypes,adaptations to white cultural standards,and thinking that supports the status quo.
Anti-oppressive practice is an interdisciplinary approach primarily rooted within the practice of social work that focuses on ending socioeconomic oppression. It requires the practitioner to critically examine the power imbalance inherent in an organizational structure with regards to the larger sociocultural and political context in order to develop strategies for creating an egalitarian environment free from oppression,racism,and other forms of discrimination in the larger society,by engaging at the legal and political level. In general community practice it is about responding to oppression by dominant groups and individuals. In social services it regulates any possible oppressive practices and helps in delivering welfare services in an inclusive manner.
Black psychology,also known as African American psychology and African/Black psychology,is a scientific field that focuses on how people of African descent know and experience the world. The field,particularly in the United States,largely emerged as a result of the lack of understanding of the psychology of Black people under traditional,Westernized notions of psychology. Overall,the field combines perspectives from both Black studies and traditional psychology encapsulating a range of definitions and approaches while simultaneously proposing its own framework of understanding.
Psychology encompasses a vast domain,and includes many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that taken together constitute psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychology topics and list of psychology disciplines.
Psychopolitical validity was coined by Isaac Prilleltensky in 2003 as a way to evaluate community psychology research and interventions and the extent to which they engage with power dynamics,structural level of analysis,and promotion of social justice. The evaluative series of criteria developed by Prilleltensky may be used within any critical social science research and practice model,but can specifically be defined within community psychology research as advocating for a focus on well-being,oppression,and liberation across collective,relational,and personal domains in both research and practice.
Racial trauma,or race-based traumatic stress,is the cumulative effects of racism on an individual’s mental and physical health. It has been observed in numerous BIPOC communities and people of all ages,including young children. Racial trauma can be experiences vicariously or directly. It has been linked to feelings of anxiety,depression,and suicidal ideation,as well as other physical health issues.
Felicia Pratto is a social psychologist known for her work on intergroup relations,dynamics of power,and social cognition. She is Professor of Psychological Sciences at the University of Connecticut. Pratto is a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science.
Beverly Greene is a professor in the Department of Psychology at St. John's University. She is a clinical psychologist known for her work on sexism,racism,and analyzing the intersectionality of social identities. As a specialist in the psychology of women and of gender and racial issues in the practice of psychotherapy,Greene has also created many public health frameworks for understanding mental health in marginalized communities. She is the author of close to 100 psychological literature publications. Greene is involved with the Association for Women in Psychology and the Society for the Psychology of Women. She is one of sixteen women to have received the Distinguished Publication Award (DPA) from the Association for Women in Psychology in 2008.
References
- ↑ "RESEARCHERS". Community Identity. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
- 1 2 "Christopher Sonn". Victoria University | Melbourne Australia. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ Hodgetts, D., Drew, M., Sonn, C.C., Stolte, O., Nikora, L.W., & Curtis, C. (2010). Social psychology and everyday life. Houndmillls, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-21795-9. OCLC 473445240.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Psychology of liberation : theory and applications. Montero, Maritza., Sonn, Christopher C., 1967-. New York: Springer. 2009. ISBN 978-0-387-85784-8. OCLC 405547052.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Psychological sense of community : research, applications, and implications. Fisher, Adrian T., 1954-, Sonn, Christopher C., 1967-, Bishop, Brian J., 1946-. New York. 6 December 2012. ISBN 978-1-4615-0719-2. OCLC 852788571.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ "The role of psychological sense of community in the adjustment of 'coloured' south african immigrants. Doctoral Dissertation. Victoria University of Technology" (PDF).
- ↑ "Adrian Fisher". Victoria University | Melbourne Australia. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ "The Apartheid Archive project". Community Identity. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
- ↑ Sonn, Christopher C.; Stevens, Garth; Duncan, Norman (2013), Stevens, Garth; Duncan, Norman; Hook, Derek (eds.), "Decolonisation, Critical Methodologies and Why Stories Matter", Race, Memory and the Apartheid Archive, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 295–314, doi:10.1057/9781137263902_15, ISBN 978-1-349-44281-2 , retrieved 2020-11-28
- 1 2 Sonn, Christopher C.; Fisher, Adrian T. (1998). "Sense of community: Community resilient responses to oppression and change". Journal of Community Psychology. 26 (5): 457–472. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199809)26:5<457::AID-JCOP5>3.0.CO;2-O. ISSN 1520-6629.
- ↑ Green, Meredith J.; Sonn, Christopher C.; Matsebula, Jabulane (2007). "Reviewing Whiteness: Theory, Research, and Possibilities". South African Journal of Psychology. 37 (3): 389–419. doi:10.1177/008124630703700301. ISSN 0081-2463. S2CID 145373173.
