Citizens for a Free Kuwait

Last updated

Citizens for a Free Kuwait (CFK) was an astroturf operation established by the Kuwaiti government to persuade the American public to look favourably at US military action in the Persian Gulf (the subsequent Operation Desert Storm). Its principal payment was to public relations firm Hill & Knowlton, who was associated with the false testimony to the US Congress given by Nayirah al-Ṣabaḥ. [1] [2]

Contents

Congressional Human Rights Caucus

In October 1990 Nayirah, a teenage girl, testified before the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, that she had seen Iraqi soldiers remove hundreds of Kuwaiti babies from incubators and leave them to die on hospital floors. [3] The chairmen of the congressional group explained that the witness's identity would be kept secret to protect her family in occupied Kuwait. [4] President George H. W. Bush cited the incubator story six times in speeches and seven senators cited the story as a reason for voting to give the Bush administration authorization for the Gulf War. [4] The atrocities of the Iraqis in Kuwait were compared to that of the Nazis. [4]

Investigations

After the Liberation of Kuwait campaign, an ABC News reporter interviewed hospital doctors who stayed in Kuwait throughout the Iraqi occupation and indicated that the story was almost certainly false. [4] Subsequent investigation showed that unknown to most members of the Caucus, the 15-year-old Kuwait girl was the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah. As one reporter [3] observed, such knowledge might have led to demands of proof of Nayirah's whereabouts when she said she witnessed the atrocities and calls for corroboration of the story.

The congressmen co-chairing the committee, who knew the true identity of the teen-age witness, had close relationships with Hill and Knowlton, the public relations firm hired by Citizens for a Free Kuwait, the group financed by Kuwait which lobbied for Congress for U.S. military intervention. [4] A vice president of Hill and Knowlton helped organize the congressional hearings. The same Hill & Knowlton vice president had previously defended the human rights record of Turkey, which had been criticized for jailing people without due process and torturing and killing them. He also lobbied for Hill & Knowlton on behalf of Indonesia, which has, since 1975, killed more than 100,000 people in East Timor. [5]

A video of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was the second most used PR video release in 1990, with 61 million viewers. It was produced by Hill & Knowlton for Citizens for a Free Kuwait. [6]

Response from Hill & Knowlton

In a letter of rebuttal, the president and CEO of Hill & Knowlton, Thomas E. Eidson, wrote that the firm had not at any time collaborated with anyone to produce knowingly deceptive testimony, that Nayirah was inside Kuwait at the time in question and had volunteered to work under an assumed name at the Al-Adan Hospital, and that the United States embassy confirmed that she was in Kuwait at the time. He also cited testimony to the United Nations by the head of the Kuwaiti Red Crescent citing firsthand involvement in burying newborn babies taken from their incubators by soldiers. [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

Kuwait is a sovereign state in Western Asia located at the head of the Persian Gulf. The geographical region of Kuwait has been occupied by humans since antiquity, particularly due to its strategic location at the head of the Persian Gulf. In the pre-oil era, Kuwait was a regional trade port. In the modern era, Kuwait is best known for the Gulf War (1990–1991).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf War</span> 1990–1991 conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition

The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States. The coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, which began with the aerial bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January 1991 and came to a close with the American-led liberation of Kuwait on 28 February 1991.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nayirah testimony</span> False testimony concerning Iraqs invasion of Kuwait

The Nayirah testimony was false testimony given before the United States Congressional Human Rights Caucus on October 10, 1990, by a 15-year-old Kuwaiti girl who was publicly identified only as Nayirah at the time. In her testimony, which took place two months after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, she claimed to have witnessed Iraqi soldiers taking babies out of incubators at a Kuwaiti hospital before looting the incubators and leaving the babies to die on the floor. Nayirah's statements were widely publicized and cited numerous times in the United States Senate and by American president George H. W. Bush to contribute to the rationale for pursuing military action against Iraq. Her portrayal of Iraqi war crimes was aimed at further increasing global support for Kuwait against the Iraqi occupation during the Gulf War, which resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi troops from Kuwait by a 42-country coalition led by the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Lantos</span> American politician (1928-2008)

Thomas Peter Lantos was a Hungarian-born American politician who served as a U.S. representative from California from 1981 until his death in 2008. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the state's 11th congressional district until 1993, and from then the 12th congressional district, which both included the northern two-thirds of San Mateo County and a portion of the southwestern part of San Francisco after redistricting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah</span> Emir of Kuwait from 1977 to 2006

Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah or Jaber III was Emir of Kuwait from 31 December 1977 until his death in 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John R. MacArthur</span> American journalist and author

JohnRickMacArthur is an American journalist and author of books about US politics. He is the president and publisher of Harper's Magazine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</span> Beginning of the 1990–1991 Gulf War

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait began on 2 August 1990 and marked the beginning of the Gulf War. After defeating the State of Kuwait on 4 August 1990, Iraq went on to militarily occupy the country for the next seven months. The invasion was condemned internationally, and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted numerous resolutions urging Iraq to withdraw from Kuwaiti territory. The Iraqi military, however, continued to occupy Kuwait and defied all orders by the UNSC. After initially establishing the "Republic of Kuwait" as a puppet state, Iraq annexed the entire country on 28 August 1990; northern Kuwait became the Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District and was merged into the existing Basra Governorate, while southern Kuwait was carved out as the all-new Kuwait Governorate. By November 1990, the adoption of UNSC Resolution 678 officially issued Iraq an ultimatum to withdraw unconditionally by 15 January 1991 or else be removed by "all necessary means" from Kuwaiti territory. In anticipation of a war with Iraq, the UNSC authorized the assembly of an American-led military coalition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hill & Knowlton</span> Public relations consulting company

Hill & Knowlton is an American global public relations consulting company, headquartered in New York City. The firm has over 80 additional offices in more than 40 countries. The company was founded in Cleveland, in 1927 by John W. Hill and is now owned by the WPP Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda in the United States</span> Overview of propaganda in the United States

In the United States, propaganda is spread by both government and non-government entities. Throughout its history, to the present day, the United States government has issued various forms of propaganda to both domestic and international audiences. The US government has instituted various domestic propaganda bans throughout its history, however, some commentators question the extent to which these bans are respected.

To Sell a War is a documentary film, first aired in December 1992 as part of CBC programme The Fifth Estate. The programme was directed and produced by Neil Docherty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saud Nasser Al-Saud Al-Sabah</span> Kuwaiti politician (1944–2012)

Saud Nasser Al-Saud Al-Sabah was a Kuwaiti politician, diplomat, and ruling family member.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuwait–United States relations</span> Bilateral relations

Kuwait is a designated major non-NATO ally of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraq–Kuwait relations</span> Bilateral relations

The relations between Iraq and Kuwait are longstanding and complex, experiencing many changes throughout recent decades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</span> Emir of Kuwait from 2006 to 2020

Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was the Emir of Kuwait from 24 January 2006 until his death in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission</span> US House body dedicated to protecting behavior norms in international law

The Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission (TLHRC) is a bipartisan body of the United States House of Representatives. Its stated mission is "to promote, defend and advocate internationally recognized human rights norms in a nonpartisan manner, both within and outside of Congress, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant human rights instruments."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jumana Hanna</span> Iraqi woman of Assyrian background

Jumana Michael/Mikhail Hanna is an Iraqi woman of Assyrian background who was imprisoned at the facility known as Al Kelab Al Sayba, or Loose Dogs, during the rule of Saddam Hussein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheikhdom of Kuwait</span> Middle Eastern state (1752–1961)

The Sheikhdom of Kuwait was a sheikhdom during the pre-oil era. The sheikhdom became a British protectorate between 1899 and 1961 following the Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement of 1899. This agreement was made between Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah and the British Government in India, primarily as a defensive measure against threats from the Ottoman Empire. After 1961, the sheikdom became the state of Kuwait.

Atrocity propaganda is the spreading of information about the crimes committed by an enemy, which can be factual, but often includes or features deliberate fabrications or exaggerations. This can involve photographs, videos, illustrations, interviews, and other forms of information presentation or reporting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran–Kuwait relations</span> Bilateral relations

Kuwait and Iran have longstanding historical ties spanning hundreds of years, particularly in the pre-oil era. Relations were negatively influenced by the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s. Relations improved after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jordan–Kuwait relations</span> Bilateral relations

The bilateral relationship between Jordan and Kuwait is considered to be strong, though there are still sporadic tensions. Jordan hosts an embassy in Kuwait City, and Kuwait hosts an embassy in Amman.

References

  1. "Deception on Capitol Hill". The New York Times. January 15, 1992.
  2. Regan, Tom (September 6, 2002). "When Contemplating War, Beware of Babies in Incubators". The Christian Science Monitor .
  3. 1 2 MacArthur, J. (1992). "Remember Nayirah, witness for Kuwait?" The New York Times , January 6, p. A17.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Severin & Tankard 2001, p. 115.
  5. Severin & Tankard 2001, p. 116.
  6. Sonenclar, Bob (March 1, 1991). "The VNR Top Ten: How Much Video PR Gets On the Evening News?". Columbia Journalism Review (14): 14.
  7. Eidson, Thomas E. (January 17, 1992). "P.R. Firm Had No Reason to Question Kuwaiti's Testimony". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
Bibliography

Further reading