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This timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines covers three periods of Philippine history in which Marcos wielded political control. First, it covers the period of Marcos' first two terms—1965 to 1969 and 1969 to 1972—under the 1935 Constitution, as well as the antecedent events which brought Marcos to political power. Second, it covers the period in which Proclamation 1081, which put the entirety of the Philippines under Martial Law, was in force—from September 1972 to January 1981. Lastly, it covers the entirety of the period described as the "Fourth Republic," where the Philippines was governed by the 1973 Marcos Constitution after the formal lifting of Proclamation No. 1081.
During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Filipino workers in the labor industry experienced the effects of government corruption, crony capitalism, and cheap labor for foreign transnational industries, One of the objectives of Martial Law was to cheapen labor costs, in order to attract transnational corporations to export labor to the Philippines. Marcos signed many presidential decrees beneficial only to his associates, while allowing for the forced relocation of indigenous peoples, decreasing workers' wages, and murders of labor activists. Minimum wage was a fixed PHP8.00 per day. Many workers were unemployed or underemployed. It was also during the Marcos presidency when the practice of contractualization began, enabling managements to avoid giving regular, permanent status to employees after six months of work. Strikes were banned and the government controlled trade unions, leaving workers without effective protection against employers who had unfair labor practices and regulations.
Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino (KDP) is a Philippine neo-nationalist political party founded in 2018. It was formed by supporters of 16th President Rodrigo Duterte, including some officers affiliated with the Citizen National Guard, a nationalist, anti-communist political advocacy group, including party chairman and former Department of Education undersecretary Butch Valdes, President Ramon Pedrosa, Executive Vice President Princess Lady Ann Indanan-Sahidulla, and Dr. Ricardo Fulgencio IV. The party had fielded former Lieutenant General Antonio Parlade Jr. in the 2022 presidential election, which he was disallowed to run by COMELEC.
Alexander "Alex" Orcullo was a Filipino journalist, community leader, and activist known for speaking against the abuses of the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, and for being a seminal figure of the protest movement against the Marcos dictatorship in Mindanao, Philippines.
Gaston Zavalla Ortigas, also known as Gasty was a Filipino professor, freedom fighter, agrarian reformer, entrepreneur, and peace advocate best known for his opposition to the Martial Law dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, and for his later pursuit of a peace process between the post-dictatorship Philippine Government and various antidictatorship movements that did not give up their arms after Marcos was deposed in February 1986. He was the dean of the Asian Institute of Management (AIM).
In the Philippines during the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, groups and individuals which opposed the regime without subscribing to leftist ideology were usually labeled with the terms "middle force," "third force," the "mainstream opposition," or more rarely, as the "conservative opposition." Mostly consisting of middle class and upper class groups which had been apolitical when Marcos first declared martial law, the most prominent examples of oppositionists in this category include religious groups, business sector groups, professional groups, social democrats, academics, journalists, and artists. Politicians from the traditional opposition are also sometimes counted in this category, although the terms are traditionally associated with ground level opposition, rather than political opposition per se.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Toribio, Helen (1998). "We Are Revolution: A Reflective History of the Union of Democratic Filipinos (KDP)". Amerasia Journal. 24 (2): 155–178. doi:10.17953/amer.24.2.00x12jv74uv8p673.
- 1 2 3 4 Bello, M.; Reyes, V. (1986). "ilipino Americans and the Marcos Overthrow: The Transformation of Political Consciousness". Amerasia Journal. 13 (1): 73–78. doi:10.17953/amer.13.1.21h54l86268n023n.
- ↑ Katipunan ng mga Demokratikong Pilipino (July 1973), Katipunan ng mga Demokratikong Pilipino First National Congress, Santa Cruz, CA
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Ignacio Jr., Abraham Flores (1994). "Makibakawa Huwag Matakot: A History of the Katipunan ng mga Demokratikong Pilipino" (PDF). Maganda Magazine (7).
- ↑ Rivera, Patty (September 25, 2016). "Toronto: PH Martial Law survivors recall the years of living dangerously". inquirer.net. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
- ↑ Querol Moreno, Cherie (September 6, 2016). "Bay Area Fil-Ams join protest against hero's burial for Marcos". rappler.com. Retrieved June 7, 2021.