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The Septuagint, sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy, and often abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew. The full Greek title derives from the story recorded in the Letter of Aristeas to Philocrates that "the laws of the Jews" were translated into the Greek language at the request of Ptolemy II Philadelphus by seventy-two Hebrew translators—six from each of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.
Vetus Latina, also known as Vetus Itala, Itala ("Italian") and Old Italic, and denoted by the siglum , is the collective name given to the Latin translations of biblical texts that preceded the Vulgate.
Antonio Maria Ceriani was an Italian prelate, Syriacist, and scholar.
The Codices Ambrosiani A–E are five biblical manuscripts dating to the 6th–11th centuries CE now in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. They are written by different hands and in different alphabets. The codices contain scattered passages from the Old Testament (Nehemiah) and the New Testament, as well as some commentaries known as Skeireins, rare survivals in the Gothic language.
The Tetragrammaton, or the Tetragram, is the four-letter Hebrew theonym יהוה, the name of God in the Hebrew Bible. The four letters, written and read from right to left, are yodh, he, waw, and he. The name may be derived from a verb that means "to be", "to exist", "to cause to become", or "to come to pass". While there is no consensus about the structure and etymology of the name, the form Yahweh is now accepted almost universally, though the vocalization Jehovah continues to have wide usage.
The Syro-Hexaplar version is the Syrian Aramaic (Syriac) translation of the Greek of the Septuagint as found in the fifth column of Origen's Hexapla. The translation was made by Bishop Paul of Tella at the monastery of the Enaton in Egypt around 617.
Codex Marchalianus designated by siglum Q is a 6th-century Greek manuscript copy of the Greek version of the Hebrew Bible known as the Septuagint. The text was written on vellum in uncial letters. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 6th century. Marginal annotations were later added to the copy of the Scripture text, the early ones being of importance for a study of the history of the Septuagint.
Papyrus Rylands 458 is a manuscript of the Pentateuch in the Greek Septuagint version of the Hebrew Bible. It is a roll made from papyrus, which has survived in a very fragmentary condition. It is designated by the number 957 on the list of Septuagint manuscripts according to the numbering system devised by biblical scholar Alfred Rahlfs. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), the manuscript has been dated to the middle of the 2nd century BCE.
Papyrus 967 is a 3rd-century CE biblical manuscript, discovered in 1931. It is notable for containing fragments of the original Septuagint text of the Book of Daniel, which was completely superseded by a revised text by the end of the 4th century and elsewhere survives only in Syriac translation and in Codex Chisianus 88. The manuscript is also important for early variants, both in the text of the Book of Ezekiel and of the Book of Daniel.
The manuscript 4Q120 is a Septuagint manuscript (LXX) of the biblical Book of Leviticus written on papyrus, found at Qumran. The Rahlfs-No. is 802. Palaoegraphycally it dates from the first century BCE. Currently the manuscript is housed in the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem.
The AqBurkitt are fragments of a palimpsest containing a portion of the Books of Kings from Aquila's translation of the Hebrew bible from the 6th century, overwritten by some liturgical poems of Yanai dating from the 9–11th century. This Aquila translation was performed approximately in the early or mid-second century C.E.
The siglum AqTaylor are fragments of a palimpsest containing a portion of the Palestinian Talmud in upper script, and part of the Book of Psalms of Aquila's Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible in lower script. This latter is a Greek biblical manuscript written in codex form. This manuscript has been dated after the middle of the fifth century C.E., but not later than the beginning of the sixth century C.E.
Ezekiel 10 is the tenth chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet/priest Ezekiel, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. In this chapter, Ezekiel sees "God's Glory depart from the Temple".
Jeremiah 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter includes the fourth of the passages known as the "Confessions of Jeremiah".
Jeremiah 50 is the fiftieth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter is part of a series of "oracles against foreign nations", consisting of chapters 46 to 51. Chapters 50 and 51 focus on Babylon. The New American Bible denotes chapter 50 as "the first oracle against Babylon" and chapter 51 as "the second oracle". An unnamed "enemy from the North" is predicted to reduce imperial Babylon "to a wasteland".
Jeremiah 31 is the thirty-first chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It is numbered as Jeremiah 38 in the Septuagint. The book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets (Nevi'im). This chapter is notable for the passage about the "New Covenant" (31:31-34) of God with His restored people and the quoting of 31:15 in the “Massacre of the Innocents" narrative. The Jerusalem Bible refers to chapters 30 and 31 as "the Book of Consolation", and Lutheran theologian Ernst Hengstenberg calls these two chapters "the triumphal hymn of Israel’s salvation".
Jeremiah 48 is the forty-eighth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter is part of a series of "oracles against foreign nations", consisting of chapters 46 to 51. In particular, chapters 46-49 focus on Judah's neighbors. This chapter contains the poetic oracles against Moab.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4443 is a fragment of a Septuagint manuscript (LXX) written on papyrus in scroll form. It is the oldest extant manuscript that contains Esther 8:16–9:3 of the Septuagint text and verse numbering. according to the text of LXX. The manuscript has been assigned palaeographically to 50–150 CE.
Taylor-Schechter 16.320 is a Greek biblical manuscript written on parchment in codex form. This is a palimpsest that contains the Palestinian Talmud and the Septuagint Psalms. The manuscript is dated 550 – 649 CE.
Frank Edward Shaw is a retired professor and the originator of the theory that there was no single original form of writing of the name of God in the Greek Bible, instead of Θεὀς or, contrary to the more common opinion, of an original κύριος.
References
- ↑ Rey, Jean-Sébastien; Joosten, Jan, eds. (2011). The Texts and Versions of the Book of Ben Sira: Transmission and Interpretation. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism. BRILL. p. 158. doi:10.1163/9789004207189. ISBN 9789004207189.
- 1 2 Dorival, Gilles (2021). The Septuagint from Alexandria to Constantinople: Canon, New Testament, Church Fathers, Catena. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780192898098.
- 1 2 Otero, Andrés Piquer; Torijano Morales, Pablo A., eds. (2016). The Text of the Hebrew Bible and Its Editions: Studies in Celebration of the Fifth Centennial of the Complutensian Polyglot. Supplements to the Textual History of the Bible. BRILL. p. 272. doi:10.1163/9789004335028. ISBN 9789004335028.
- ↑ Vergarli, Emidio (2013-02-06). "An Introduction To Ceriani's Reprint Of The Ambrosian Manuscript B 21 Inf. (Codex Ambrosianus 7A1)". In Ceriani, Antonio Maria (ed.). A Facsimile Edition of the Peshitto Old Testament Based on Codex Ambrosianus (7a1). Gorgias Press. pp. vii–xv. doi:10.31826/9781463229924-001. ISBN 9781463229924.
- ↑ Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; Krueger, Derek, eds. (2016). Prayer and Worship in Eastern Christianities, 5th to 11th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 9781317076421.
- ↑ Shaw, Frank E. (2014). The Earliest Non-mystical Jewish Use of Iαω. Leuven: Peeters. p. 40. ISBN 9789042929784. OCLC 911062854.
- ↑ Ceriani, Antonio Maria. Codex Syro-Hexaparis Ambrosianus potholithographice editus. Monumenta Sacra et Profana. Vol. 7. Milan: Pogliani.
- ↑ Jellicoe, Sidney (1993). The Septuagint and Modern Study. Eisenbrauns. p. 127. ISBN 9780931464003.
- ↑ Toca, Madalina; Batovici, Dan, eds. (2020-01-13). Caught in Translation: Studies on Versions of Late-Antique Christian Literature. Texts and Studies in Eastern Christianity. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004417182. ISBN 9789004417182. S2CID 241127499.
