Volume | Year | Author | Title | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | - | Henry Fairfield Osborn | From the Greeks to Darwin | [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] |
2 | - | Arthur Willey | Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates | [6] [7] |
3 | - | Bashford Dean | Fishes, Living and Fossil | - |
4 | - | Edmund B. Wilson | The Cell in Development and Heredity | [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] |
5 | - | William Keith Brooks | The Foundations of Zoology | [15] [16] [17] |
6 | - | Gary Nathan Calkins | The Protozoa | - |
7 | - | Thomas Hunt Morgan | Regeneration | - |
8 | - | Jacques Loeb | The Dynamics of Living Matter | [18] [19] Contents |
9 | - | William Morton Wheeler | Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior | [23] [24] |
Genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species. The multiple sources of genetic variation include mutation and genetic recombination. Mutations are the ultimate sources of genetic variation, but other mechanisms, such as genetic drift, contribute to it, as well.
In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect, a phenotype-first theory of evolution, describes the effect of learned behaviour on evolution. James Mark Baldwin and others suggested during the eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century that an organism's ability to learn new behaviours will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckism, that view proposes that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis.
Edmund Beecher Wilson was a pioneering American zoologist and geneticist. He wrote one of the most influential textbooks in modern biology, The Cell. He also discovered the chromosomal XY sex-determination system in 1905—that males have XY and females XX sex chromosomes. Nettie Stevens independently made the same discovery the same year and published shortly thereafter.
Michael Hasselmo is an American neuroscientist and professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Boston University. He is the director of the Center for Systems Neuroscience and is editor-in-chief of Hippocampus (journal). Hasselmo studies oscillatory dynamics and neuromodulatory regulation in cortical mechanisms for memory guided behavior and spatial navigation using a combination of neurophysiological and behavioral experiments in conjunction with computational modeling. In addition to his peer-reviewed publications, Hasselmo wrote the book How We Remember: Brain Mechanisms of Episodic Memory.
Chaos: Making a New Science is a debut non-fiction book by James Gleick that initially introduced the principles and early development of the chaos theory to the public. It was a finalist for the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize in 1987, and was shortlisted for the Science Book Prize in 1989. The book was published on October 29, 1987 by Viking Books.
Edmund Clark Sanford (1859–1924) was an early American psychologist. He earned his PhD under the supervision of Granville Stanley Hall at Johns Hopkins University, and then moved with Hall to Clark University in 1888, where he became the professor of psychology and the founding director of the psychology laboratory. He is best known for his 1887 Writings of Laura Bridgman and for his 1897 textbook, A Course in Experimental Psychology. This textbook was a manual on how to conduct experiential psychology. He was present at the creation of the American Psychological Association in 1892 and the creation of the Association of American Universities in 1900. He was the cousin of another early psychologist, Milicent Shinn.
Developmental systems theory (DST) is an overarching theoretical perspective on biological development, heredity, and evolution. It emphasizes the shared contributions of genes, environment, and epigenetic factors on developmental processes. DST, unlike conventional scientific theories, is not directly used to help make predictions for testing experimental results; instead, it is seen as a collection of philosophical, psychological, and scientific models of development and evolution. As a whole, these models argue the inadequacy of the modern evolutionary synthesis on the roles of genes and natural selection as the principal explanation of living structures. Developmental systems theory embraces a large range of positions that expand biological explanations of organismal development and hold modern evolutionary theory as a misconception of the nature of living processes.
Robert Eric Ricklefs is an American ornithologist and ecologist. He was the Curators' Professor of Biology at the University of Missouri, St. Louis from 1996 until August 2019.
Steven Frederic Sapontzis is an American philosopher and professor emeritus of philosophy at California State University, East Bay who specializes in animal ethics, environmental ethics and meta-ethics.
Jagdish Mehra was an Indian-American historian of science.
Gertrude Anna Davenport, was an American zoologist who worked as both a researcher and an instructor at established research centers such as the University of Kansas and the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory where she studied embryology, development, and heredity. The wife of Charles Benedict Davenport, a prominent eugenicist, she co-authored several works with her husband. Together, they were highly influential in the United States eugenics movement during the progressive era.
Taxon cycles refer to a biogeographical theory of how species evolve through range expansions and contractions over time associated with adaptive shifts in the ecology and morphology of species. The taxon cycle concept was explicitly formulated by biologist E. O. Wilson in 1961 after he surveyed the distributions, habitats, behavior and morphology of ant species in the Melanesian archipelago.
Gametophytic selection is the selection of one haploid pollen grain over another through the means of pollen competition, and that resulting sporophytic generations are positively affected by this competition. Evidence for the positive effects of gametophytic selection on the sporophyte generation has been observed in several flowering plant species, but there are is still some debate as to the biological significance of gametophytic selection.
Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker was a British mathematician, physicist, historian of science, and philosopher who authored three titles that remain in circulation over a century after their initial publications. His bibliography includes several books and over one hundred published papers on a variety of subjects, including mathematics, astronomy, mathematical physics, theoretical physics, philosophy, and theism. Whittaker's bibliography in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society categorises his publications into three categories: books and monographs, maths and physics articles, and biographical articles; the bibliography excludes works published in popular magazines like Scientific American. The bibliography includes eleven total books and monographs, fifty-six maths and physics articles, thirty-five philosophy and history articles, and twenty-one biographical articles. In the bibliography compiled by William Hunter McCrea in 1957, there are thirteen books and monographs and the same journal articles; McCrea counts all three volumes of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity as separate books and excludes the same papers. Whittaker's contributions to Scientific American include two book reviews and a popular article on mathematics.
Joy M. Bergelson is an American evolutionary biologist. She is currently the Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics at New York University. Bergelson was previously and James D. Watson Distinguished Service Professor of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago, where she chaired the department for ecology and evolution. Her research focuses on the evolution and ecology of plants.
Gary Nathan Calkins was an American protozoologist and a professor at Columbia University. He wrote several landmark textbooks on the biology of the protozoa. He described conjugation in Paramoecium and in his taxonomic approach separated chlorophyll containing flagellates from other protists.
David Eusthatios Manolopoulos is a Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at University of Oxford. His research focuses on the computational modeling of the dynamics of elementary chemical reactions in the gas phase and quantum mechanical effects in chemical dynamics. His research highlights include work on path integral approach to molecular dynamics and chemical topics as diverse as fullerenes, ring polymers, reactive scattering, and more recently, the molecular and quantum mechanism of avian magnetoreception.
Howard Stein is an American philosopher and historian of science. He is an emeritus professor at the University of Chicago.
Gustaf Benjamin Strömberg was a Swedish-born American astronomer who worked at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California. He went on to examine ideas on the non-physical world, the soul, psychic and other phenomena that would now be termed the paranormal, making him pioneer of the study of the paranormal. Interpreting ideas from mathematical physics on waves and fields, he suggested that living cells were influenced by such invisible entities and that human memories could be immortal, as also claiming a mathematical support for the existence of a soul.
Frances "Franc" Eliza Babbitt (1824–1891) was a schoolteacher in Minnesota and an archaeologist. She influenced early debates about the Paleolithic Era in North America, the "American Paleolithic". Babbitt collected quartz tools and other artifacts from the Little Falls, Minnesota area. Her findings were presented in papers at American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) meetings and in academic journals. Although women were active in other scientific disciplines during this time, Babbitt was one of few to participate in archaeology.