Committee on Data for Science and Technology

Last updated

Committee on Data
of the International Science Council
AbbreviationCODATA
Formation1966;55 years ago (1966)
Type INGO
Location
Region served
Worldwide
Official language
English, French
President
Barend Mons [1]
Parent organization
 International Science Council (ISC)
Website CODATA official website

The CODATA is the Committee on Data of the International Science Council and was established as ICSU Committee on Data for Science and Technology in 1966. [2]

Contents

CODATA exists to promote global collaboration to advance open science and to improve the availability and usability of data for all areas of research. CODATA supports the principle that data produced by research and susceptible to be used for research should be as open as possible and as closed as necessary. CODATA works also to advance the interoperability and the usability of such data: research data should be FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable). [3] By promoting the policy, technological and cultural changes that are essential to promote open science, CODATA helps advance ISC's vision and mission of advancing science as a global public good.

The CODATA Strategic Plan 2015 and Prospectus of Strategy and Achievement 2016 identify three priority areas:

  1. promoting principles, policies and practices for open data and open science;
  2. advancing the frontiers of data science;
  3. building capacity for open science by improving data skills and the functions of national science systems needed to support open data.

CODATA achieves these objectives through a number of standing committees and strategic executive led initiatives, and through its task groups and working groups. [4]

Publications and conferences

CODATA supports the Data Science Journal [5] and collaborates on major data conferences like SciDataCon [6] and International Data Week. [7]

In October 2020 CODATA is co-organising an International FAIR Symposium [8] together with the GO FAIR initiative to provide a forum for advancing international and cross-domain convergence around FAIR. The event will bring together a global data community with an interest in combining data across domains for a host of research issues – including major global challenges, such as those relating to the Sustainable Development Goals. Outcomes will directly link to the CODATA Decadal Programme [9] Data for the Planet: making data work for cross-domain grand challenges and to the developments of GO FAIR community towards the Internet of FAIR data and services. [10] [11]

Task Group on Fundamental Physical Constants

One of the CODATA strategic Initiatives and Task Groups concentrates on Fundamental Physical Constants. [12] Established in 1969, its purpose is to periodically provide the international scientific and technological communities with an internationally accepted set of values of the fundamental physical constants and closely related conversion factors for use worldwide.

The first such CODATA set was published in 1973. [13] Later versions are named based on the year of the data incorporated; the 1986 CODATA (published April 1987) used data up to 1 January 1986. [14] All subsequent releases use data up to the end of the stated year, and are necessarily published a year or two later: 1998 (April 2000), [15] 2002 (January 2005), [16] 2006 (June 2008), [17] 2010 (November 2012), [18] and 2014 (June 2015). [19] [20]

The CODATA recommended values of fundamental physical constants are published at the NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. [21]

Schedule

Since 1998, the task group has produced a new version every four years, incorporating results published up to the end of the specified year.

In order to support the redefinition of the SI base units, [22] [20] adopted at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures on 16 November 2018, CODATA made a special release that was published in October 2017. [23] [24] It incorporates all data up to 1 July 2017, [20] :4,67 [25] [26] and determines the final numerical values of h, e, k, and NA that are to be used for the new SI definitions.

The last regular version, with a closing date of 31 December 2018, [21] [23] was used to produce the new 2018 CODATA values that were made available by the time the revised SI came into force on 20 May 2019. This was necessary because the redefinitions have a significant (mostly beneficial) effect on the uncertainties and correlation coefficients reported by CODATA.

See also

Related Research Articles

A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time. It is contrasted with a mathematical constant, which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement.

Gravitational constant Physical constant relating the gravitational force between objects to their mass and distance

The gravitational constant, denoted by the letter G, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.

Avogadro constant Fundamental physical constant representing the molar number of entities

The Avogadro constant (NA or L) is the proportionality factor that relates the number of constituent particles (usually molecules, atoms or ions) in a sample with the amount of substance in that sample. Its SI unit is the reciprocal mole, and it is defined as NA = 6.02214076×1023 mol−1. It is named after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. Although this is called Avogadro's constant (or number), he is not the chemist who determined its value. Stanislao Cannizzaro explained this number four years after Avogadro's death while at the Karlsruhe Congress in 1860.

The dalton or unified atomic mass unit is a unit of mass widely used in physics and chemistry. It is defined as 1⁄12 of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. The atomic mass constant, denoted mu is defined identically, giving mu = m(12C)/12 = 1 Da. A unit dalton is also approximately numerically equal to the molar mass of the same expressed in g / mol. Prior to the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units these were numerically identical by definition and are still treated as such for most purposes.

In chemistry and related fields, the molar volume, symbol Vm, or of a substance is the occupied volume divided by the amount of substance at a given temperature and pressure. It is equal to the molar mass (M) divided by the mass density (ρ):

The elementary charge, usually denoted by e or sometimes qe is the electric charge carried by a single proton or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e. This elementary charge is a fundamental physical constant. To avoid confusion over its sign, e is sometimes called the elementary positive charge.

In spectroscopy, the Rydberg constant, symbol for heavy atoms or for hydrogen, named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom. The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral series, but Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants via his Bohr model. As of 2018, and electron spin g-factor are the most accurately measured physical constants.

Kibble balance Electromechanical weight measuring instrument

A Kibble balance is an electromechanical measuring instrument that measures the weight of a test object very precisely by the electric current and voltage needed to produce a compensating force. It is a metrological instrument that can realize the definition of the kilogram unit of mass based on fundamental constants.

The x unit is a unit of length approximately equal to 0.1 pm (10−13 m). It is used to quote the wavelength of X-rays and gamma rays.

Planckian locus

In physics and color science, the Planckian locus or black body locus is the path or locus that the color of an incandescent black body would take in a particular chromaticity space as the blackbody temperature changes. It goes from deep red at low temperatures through orange, yellowish white, white, and finally bluish white at very high temperatures.

The Loschmidt constant or Loschmidt's number (symbol: n0) is the number of particles (atoms or molecules) of an ideal gas in a given volume (the number density), and usually quoted at standard temperature and pressure. The 2014 CODATA recommended value is 2.6867811(15)×1025 per cubic metre at 0 °C and 1 atm and the 2006 CODATA recommended value was 2.686 7774(47)×1025 per cubic metre at 0 °C and 1 atm. It is named after the Austrian physicist Johann Josef Loschmidt, who was the first to estimate the physical size of molecules in 1865. The term "Loschmidt constant" is also sometimes used to refer to the Avogadro constant, particularly in German texts.

Vacuum permittivity, commonly denoted ε0 is the value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum. Alternatively it may be referred to as the permittivity of free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum. It is an ideal (baseline) physical constant. Its CODATA value is:

Vacuum permeability is the magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum. Vacuum permeability is derived from production of a magnetic field by an electric current or by a moving electric charge and in all other formulas for magnetic-field production in a vacuum. Since the redefinition of SI units in 2019, the vacuum permeability μ0 is no longer a defined constant, but rather needs to be determined experimentally.

A helion is a short name for the naked nucleus of helium, a doubly positively charged helium ion. In practice, helion refers specifically to the nucleus of the helium-3 isotope, consisting of two protons and one neutron. The nucleus of the other stable isotope of helium, helium-4 isotope, which consists of two protons and two neutrons, is specifically called an alpha particle.

The molar mass constant, usually denoted by Mu, is a physical constant defined as the ratio of the molar mass of an element and its relative mass.

A conventional electrical unit is a unit of measurement in the field of electricity which is based on the so-called "conventional values" of the Josephson constant, the von Klitzing constant agreed by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) in 1988, as well as ΔνCs used to define the second. These units are very similar in scale to their corresponding SI units, but are not identical because of the different values used for the constants. They are distinguished from the corresponding SI units by setting the symbol in italic typeface and adding a subscript "90" – e.g., the conventional volt has the symbol V90 – as they came into international use on 1 January 1990.

Kelvin SI unit of temperature

The kelvin is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol K. It is named after the Belfast-born Glasgow University engineer and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907).

The rms charge radius is a measure of the size of an atomic nucleus, particularly the proton distribution. It can be measured by the scattering of electrons by the nucleus. Relative changes in the mean squared nuclear charge distribution can be precisely measured with atomic spectroscopy.

2019 redefinition of the SI base units Redefinition of the SI base units kilogram, ampere, kelvin, and mole

Effective 20 May 2019, the 144th anniversary of the Metre Convention, the SI base units were redefined in agreement with the International System of Quantities. In the redefinition, four of the seven SI base units – the kilogram, ampere, kelvin, and mole – were redefined by setting exact numerical values when expressed in SI units for the Planck constant, the elementary electric charge, the Boltzmann constant, and the Avogadro constant, respectively. The second, metre, and candela were already defined by physical constants and were not subject to correction to their definitions. The new definitions aimed to improve the SI without changing the value of any units, ensuring continuity with existing measurements. In November 2018, the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) unanimously approved these changes, which the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) had proposed earlier that year after determining that previously agreed conditions for the change had been met. These conditions were satisfied by a series of experiments that measured the constants to high accuracy relative to the old SI definitions, and were the culmination of decades of research.

The proton magnetic moment is the magnetic dipole moment of the proton, symbol μp. Protons and neutrons, both nucleons, make up the nucleus of all atoms heavier than protium, and both nucleons act as small magnets whose strength is measured by their magnetic moments. The magnitude of the proton's magnetic moment indicates that the proton is not an elementary particle.

References

  1. ↑ Mons, Barend (2018). "Message from President Barend Mons".
  2. ↑ "CODATA History – CODATA". codata.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  3. ↑ "EC Expert Group on Turning FAIR Data into Reality – CODATA". codata.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  4. ↑ "CODATA's Mission – CODATA". codata.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  5. ↑ "Data Science Journal". datascience.codata.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  6. ↑ "SciDataCon". www.scidatacon.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  7. ↑ "INTERNATIONAL DATA WEEK". internationaldataweek.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  8. ↑ "Save the Date: International FAIR Convergence Symposium & CODATA General Assembly in Paris on 22-24 October 2020 - CODATA". codata.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  9. ↑ "Decadal Programme – CODATA". codata.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  10. ↑ "Implementation Networks". GO FAIR. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  11. ↑ "GO FAIR Today". GO FAIR. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  12. ↑ "Fundamental Physical Constants - CODATA". www.codata.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  13. ↑ Cohen, E. Richard; Taylor, Barry N. (1973). "The 1973 least-squares adjustment of the fundamental constants" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data . 2 (4): 663–734. Bibcode:1973JPCRD...2..663C. doi:10.1063/1.3253130. hdl: 2027/pst.000029951949 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-21.
  14. ↑ Cohen, E. Richard; Taylor, Barry N. (1987). "The 1986 CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards . 92 (2): 85. doi: 10.6028/jres.092.010 .
  15. ↑ Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N. (1999). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data . 28 (6): 1713–1852. Bibcode:1999JPCRD..28.1713M. doi:10.1063/1.556049. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-01.
  16. ↑ Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N. (2005). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2002" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics . 77 (1): 1–107. Bibcode:2005RvMP...77....1M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-01.
  17. ↑ Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (2008). "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics . 80 (2): 633–730. arXiv: 0801.0028 . Bibcode:2008RvMP...80..633M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-01.
  18. ↑ Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (2012). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010". Reviews of Modern Physics . 84 (4): 1527–1605. arXiv: 1203.5425 . Bibcode:2012RvMP...84.1527M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1527. Archived from the original on 2017-10-01.
  19. ↑ Mohr, Peter J.; Newell, David B.; Taylor, Barry N. (2015). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2014". Zenodo. arXiv: 1507.07956 . doi: 10.5281/zenodo.22826 .
  20. 1 2 3 Mohr, Peter J.; Newell, David B.; Taylor, Barry N. (July–September 2016). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2014". Reviews of Modern Physics . 88 (3): 035009. arXiv: 1507.07956 . Bibcode:2016RvMP...88c5009M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.88.035009. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. This is a truly major development, because these uncertainties are now sufficiently small that the adoption of the new SI by the 26th CGPM is expected.
  21. 1 2 CODATA (2015). "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014". NIST. Archived from the original on 2018-12-20.
  22. ↑ Wood, Barry M. (3–4 November 2014). "Report on the Meeting of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants" (PDF). BIPM. p. 7. [BIPM director Martin] Milton responded to a question about what would happen if ... the CIPM or the CGPM voted not to move forward with the redefinition of the SI. He responded that he felt that by that time the decision to move forward should be seen as a foregone conclusion.
  23. 1 2 "Fundamental Physical Constants - CODATA" . Retrieved 2017-11-08.
  24. ↑ Newell, David B.; Franco Cabiati; Joachim Fischer; Kenichi Fujii; Saveley G. Karshenboim; Helen S. Margolis; Estefania de Mirandes; Peter J. Mohr; Francois Nez; Krzysztof Pachucki; Terry J. Quinn; Barry N. Taylor; Meng Wang; Barry Wood; Zhonghua Zhang (2017-10-20). "The CODATA 2017 Values of h, e, k, and NA for the Revision of the SI". Metrologia. 55: L13–L16. Bibcode:2018Metro..55L..13N. doi: 10.1088/1681-7575/aa950a .
  25. ↑ "Input data for the special CODATA-2017 adjustment". BIPM. 2017-07-01. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  26. ↑ "New Measurement Will Help Redefine International Unit of Mass". National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2017-06-30. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2017-07-11.

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