Confession inscriptions of Lydia and Phrygia

Last updated

Confession inscriptions of Lydia and Phrygia are Roman-era Koine Greek religious steles from these historical regions of Anatolia (then part of Asia and Galatia provinces), dating mostly to the second and third centuries.

Contents

The new element that appears, the public confession of sin and the redemption through offerings (lytra), unknown to traditional Greek religion, has made scholars to name this social phenomenon as oriental. The religious thought and the use of vernacular Koine Greek, full of innovative orthography, syntax and grammar, suggests that they may also represent something at the root of religion in Phrygia and Lydia. [1] Marijana Ricl has argued that the practice of confession is a reminiscence of Hittite religion. According to Schnabel E.J it was a counter-move prompted by the increasing success of the Christian missionaries. [2] Indeed, beside the scheme of confession and redemption, the phraseology and terms are reminiscent of Greek New Testament: hamartia (sin), parakletos (advocate), doulos tou theou (servant of God), kyrios (master), basileus (king). Another point for discussion is the punishment of sexual transgressions, which further relates the inscriptions to Christianity and the concept of chastity in Hellenistic philosophy and religion, in contrast to the previous perception of sexuality inside the religion (Hieros gamos, Sacred prostitution, Aphrodite Pandemos).

Some indicating names or epithets of deities engaged in the inscriptions are: Men (Axiottenos, Artemidoros), Meter (mother), Zeus (Aithrios, Keraunios, Soter), Apollo, Hypsistos, Anaitis, Attis, Dionysos, Hades, Herakles, Sabazios, Batenos, Nemesis, Asclepius, Tyrannos, Basileus, Theos Strapton and Bronton, Hecate, and Artemis.

Inscriptions

Ritual dialogue of Theodoros with the Gods (Lydia, 235/236 AD)

Koine Greek original text [3] Translation

ἔτους τκʹ, μηνὸς Πανήμου βιʹ
κατὰ τὸ ἐφρενωθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν
{²crescent, a pair of eyes}² θεῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ
Διὸς κὲ τοῦ Μηνὸς μεγάλου Ἀρτεμιδώρου·
ἐκολασόμην τὰ ὄματα τὸν Θεόδωρον
κατὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας, ἃς ἐπύησεν·συνεγενόμην
τῇ πεδίσχῃ τοῦ Ἁπλοκόμα,τῇ Τροφίμῃ,
τῇ γυναικὶ τῇ Εὐτύχηδος εἰς τὸ πλετώριν·
ἀπαίρι τὴν πρώτην ἁμαρτίαν προβάτῳ,
πέρδεικι, ἀσφάλακι· δευτέρα ἁμαρτία·
ἀλλὰ δοῦλος ὢν τῶν θεῶν τῶν
ἐν Νονου συνεγενόμην τῇ Ἀριάγνῃ τῇ
μοναυλίᾳ· ’παίρι χύρῳ, θείννῳ ἐχθύει· τῇ τρίτῇ
ἁμαρτίᾳ συνεγενόμην Ἀρεθούσῃ μοναυλίᾳ·
’παίρι ὄρνειθει, στρουθῷ, περιστερᾷ,
κύ(πρῳ) κρειθοπύρων, πρόχῳ οἴνου· κύπρον πυρῶν
καθαρὸς τοῖς εἱεροῖς, πρόχον αʹ· ἔσχα παράκλητον
τὸν Δείαν· "εἴδαι, κατὰ τὰ πυήματα πεπηρώκιν,
νῦν δὲ εἱλαζομένου αὐτοῦ τοὺς θεοὺς κὲ στηλογραφοῦντος
ἀνερύσετον τὰς ἁμαρτίας"· ἠρωτημαίνος ὑπὸ τῆς συνκλήτου·
"εἵλεος εἶμαι ἀναστανομένης τῆς στήλλην μου,
ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ὥρισα· ἀνύξαις τὴν φυλακήν, ἐξαφίω
τὸν κατάδικον διὰ ἐνιαυτοῦ κὲ μηνῶν ιʹ περιπατούντων

  • THEODOROS: In the year 320, [4] on the 12th of the month Panemos
    , because I have been brought to my senses by the gods,
    by Zeus and Men the Great Artemidoros
    (I set up this stele or I offer these pair of eyes)
  • GOD: I punished Theodoros on his eyes for the sins he committed.
  • THEODOROS: I had sex with Trophime, the slave of Haplokomas,
    wife of Eutyches in the courtyard [5]
  • GOD: He takes the first sin away with a sheep, partridge and mole
  • THEODOROS: Second sin. Although I was a slave of the gods at Nonos,
    I had sex with Ariagne, the monaulia (virgin priestess). [6]
  • GOD: He takes away with a piglet and tuna.
  • THEODOROS: Third sin. I had sex with Arethusa, the monaulia.
  • GOD: He takes aways with a chicken, sparrow, pigeon,
    a kypros [7] of barley and wheat, a chamber-pot (prochos) of wine,
    a kypros of clean wheat for the priests, one prochos.
  • THEODOROS: I ask for Zeus's help (verbatim I have Zeus intercessor, paraclete)
  • ZEUS: Look! I have blinded him for his sins. But since he has appeased the gods
    and written down his sins on this stele, he takes salvation.
    Asked by the senate, [8] I am merciful because my stele was erected on the day I appointed.
    You may open the jail, I set the convict free, a year and ten months passing.

According to George Petzl, a trial of sacred theatre did take place in the sanctuary; Theodoros was convicted and jailed. Zeus was impersonated by a priest. According to Ender Varinlioglu, phylake (jail) is used metaphorically. Blindness was the jail or punishment upon Theodoros in order to be saved from his licentious sexual activities. [9]

Soterchos of Motella (Phrygia, 3rd century AD)

Koine Greek original text [10] Translation

Αὐρήλιος Σωτήρχος Δημοστράτου Μοτεληνός
κολάθιν ἑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ· παραγέλων πᾶσι
μηδὲ ἄναγον ἀναβῆτε πὶ τὸ χωρίον
ἐπροκήσι [11] ἢ κηνσετε τὸν ὄρχις [12] ·
ἐγὼ Γέα ἐκηνησάμην [13] ἐπὶ τὸ χωρίον.

Aurelios Soterchos son of Demostratos from Motella
Because I was punished by the God, I send a message to all·
Do not enter the place [14] impure, after committing perjury or having sex.
I had sex with Gea (Gaia) inside the place.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alyattes</span> King of Lydia (c.635 - c.585 BC)

Alyattes, sometimes described as Alyattes I, was the fourth king of the Mermnad dynasty in Lydia, the son of Sadyattes, grandson of Ardys, and great-grandson of Gyges. He died after a reign of 57 years and was succeeded by his son Croesus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galatia</span> Ancient region of central Anatolia once inhabited by Celts

Galatia was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey. Galatia was named after the Gauls from Thrace, who settled here and became a small transient foreign tribe in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC. It has been called the "Gallia" of the East.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lydia</span> Ancient Anatolian kingdom

Lydia was an Iron Age kingdom situated in the west of Asia Minor, in modern-day Turkey. The ethnic group inhabiting this kingdom are known as the Lydians, and their language as Lydian and their capital was Sardis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croesus</span> King of Lydia

Croesus was the king of Lydia, who reigned from 585 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 547 or 546 BC. According to Herodotus, he reigned 14 years. Croesus was renowned for his wealth; Herodotus and Pausanias noted that his gifts were preserved at Delphi. The fall of Croesus had a profound effect on the Greeks, providing a fixed point in their calendar. "By the fifth century at least", J. A. S. Evans has remarked, "Croesus had become a figure of myth, who stood outside the conventional restraints of chronology."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bithynia</span> Region in Anatolia

Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It bordered Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Pontic coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cybele</span> Anatolian mother goddess

Cybele is an Anatolian mother goddess; she may have a possible forerunner in the earliest neolithic at Çatalhöyük. She is Phrygia's only known goddess, and was probably its national deity. Greek colonists in Asia Minor adopted and adapted her Phrygian cult and spread it to mainland Greece and to the more distant western Greek colonies around the 6th century BC.

Gordias was the name of at least two members of the royal house of Phrygia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mysia</span> Historical region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor

Mysia was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor. It was located on the south coast of the Sea of Marmara. It was bounded by Bithynia on the east, Phrygia on the southeast, Lydia on the south, Aeolis on the southwest, Troad on the west, and the Propontis on the north. In ancient times it was inhabited by the Mysians, Phrygians, Aeolian Greeks and other groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attis</span> Phrygian and Greek god

Attis was the consort of Cybele, in Phrygian and Greek mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sabazios</span> A deity of Phrygian origin also favoured in the Balkans

Sabazios is a deity originating in Asia Minor. He is the horseman and sky father god of the Phrygians and Thracians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lydians</span> Historical ethnic group

The Lydians were an Anatolian people living in Lydia, a region in western Anatolia, who spoke the distinctive Lydian language, an Indo-European language of the Anatolian group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hellenization</span> Spread of Greek culture

Hellenization or Hellenism is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language, and identity by non-Greeks. In the ancient period, colonisation often led to the Hellenisation of indigenous peoples; in the Hellenistic period, many of the territories which were conquered by Alexander the Great were Hellenised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phrygians</span> Ancient Indo-European speaking people

The Phrygians were an ancient Indo-European speaking people who inhabited central-western Anatolia in antiquity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asia (Roman province)</span> Roman province located in modern-day Turkey and Greece

Asia was a Roman province covering most of western Anatolia, which was created following the Roman Republic's annexation of the Attalid Kingdom in 133 BC. After the establishment of the Roman Empire by Augustus, it was the most prestigious senatorial province and was governed by a proconsul. That arrangement endured until the province was subdivided in the fourth century AD.

The history of Ankara can be traced back to the Bronze Age Hatti civilization, which was succeeded in the 2nd millennium BC by the Hittites, in the 10th century BC by the Phrygians, and later by the Lydians, Persians, Macedonians, Galatians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks, and Ottomans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hellenistic religion</span> Late form of ancient Greek religion

The concept of Hellenistic religion as the late form of Ancient Greek religion covers any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of the people who lived under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire. There was much continuity in Hellenistic religion: people continued to worship the Greek gods and to practice the same rites as in Classical Greece.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phrygia</span> Ancient Anatolian kingdom

In classical antiquity, Phrygia was a kingdom in the west-central part of Anatolia, in what is now Asian Turkey, centered on the Sangarios River. After its conquest, it became a region of the great empires of the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gordion</span> Capital city of ancient Phrygia

Gordion was the capital city of ancient Phrygia. It was located at the site of modern Yassıhüyük, about 70–80 km (43–50 mi) southwest of Ankara, in the immediate vicinity of Polatlı district. Gordion's location at the confluence of the Sakarya and Porsuk rivers gave it a strategic location with control over fertile land. Gordion lies where the ancient road between Lydia and Assyria/Babylonia crossed the Sangarius river. Occupation at the site is attested from the Early Bronze Age continuously until the 4th century CE and again in the 13th and 14th centuries CE. The Citadel Mound at Gordion is approximately 13.5 hectares in size, and at its height habitation extended beyond this in an area approximately 100 hectares in size. Gordion is the type site of Phrygian civilization, and its well-preserved destruction level of c. 800 BCE is a chronological linchpin in the region. The long tradition of tumuli at the site is an important record of elite monumentality and burial practice during the Iron Age.

The following is a list of regions of Ancient Anatolia, also known as "Asia Minor," in the present day Anatolia region of Turkey in Western Asia.

References

  1. Angels and Principalities: The Background, Meaning and Development of the Pauline Phrase hai archai kai hai exousiai A. Wesley Carr Page 56 ISBN   0-521-23429-8 (2005)
  2. Deutungen des Todes Jesu im neuen Testament edited by Jörg Frey, Jens Schröter Page 292 ISBN   3-16-148581-5 (2007)
  3. SEG 38:1237 Manisa Museum, fr. NE Lydia
  4. Sullan chronology, since 85 BC.Other inscriptions have Actian chronology, 31 BC
  5. (Koine Greek: pletorin from praetorium)
  6. rather than just unmarried (or the flutist). See monaulia in LSJ, it means either solo on the flute Archived 2009-12-02 at the Wayback Machine or celibacy Archived 2009-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
  7. a measure of corn, LSJ Archived 2009-12-02 at the Wayback Machine
  8. In original, synkletos the Greek word for the Roman senate
  9. The Greco-Roman East: politics, culture, society By Stephen Colvin Page 28 ISBN   0-521-82875-9 (2004)
  10. MAMA 4 283 Dionysopolis: Bahadinlar
  11. Attic epiorkos
  12. orchis , 'testicle'
  13. See kineô Archived 2009-12-02 at the Wayback Machine A.II.4 meaning
  14. chôrion, place inside a sanctuary here, or a landed holy property

Further reading