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References
- ↑ Translated summary of Roy's article La Théocratie Constitutionnelle cited in International Bibliography of the Social Sciences 1987
- ↑ Mahmood Mamdani: Herbert Lehman Professor of Government in the Departments of Anthropology and International Affairs, and Director of the Institute of African Studies at Columbia University
- ↑ Nermeen Shaikh, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim AsiaSource Interview with Mahmood Mamdani, May 2004 "Until Ayatollah Khomeini created a state–wide clerical authority in Iran, there was no such institutionalized religious hierarchy in Islam and it still does not exist elsewhere. Without the existence of an institutionalized religious hierarchy parallel to a state hierarchy, the question of the proper relation between two domains of power, that of the organized church and the organized state, a central question in Western secularism, has been a non–question in Islam – at least until Ayatollah Khomeini created a constitutional theocracy in Iran as vilayat–i–faqih."
- ↑ Ran Hirschl, Constitutionalism, Judicial Review, and Progressive Change Texas Law Review, Dec 2005, Vol. 84 Issue 2, p471-507 "the crucial role of courts in constitutional theocracies such as Egypt in determining the nature of public life in modern states formally governed by principles of Islamic Shari'a laws"
- ↑ Thomas Omestad, Wrestling with Tehran U.S. News & World Report; 03/02/98, Vol. 124 Issue 8, p44 "[the Iranian] Islamic republic, the world's only constitutional theocracy"
- ↑ Time 24 November 2003, Vol. 162 Issue 21, p36-44 "an Iranian-style constitutional theocracy"
- ↑ Hale, William M (1994). Turkish Politics and the Military . Routledge.
- ↑ VA Tishkov, Life in a War-Torn Society (University of California 2004)