Contact (geology)

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A geological contact is a boundary which separates one rock body from another. [1] A contact can be formed during deposition, by the intrusion of magma, [2] or through faulting or other deformation of rock beds that brings distinct rock bodies into contact. [3]

Contents

The geologic subdiscipline of stratigraphy is primarily concerned with depositional contacts, [4] while faults and shear zones are of particular interest in structural geology. Faults and shear zones can be regarded as a form of secondary structure in the rock beds. [5]

Types of contacts

Depositional

Conformable

Sharp, conformable sandstone bedding contact, near Terrace Bay, Ontario, Canada Bedding contact.jpg
Sharp, conformable sandstone bedding contact, near Terrace Bay, Ontario, Canada

Conformable contacts represent no time gap in the geologic record. [3] They are usually planar, though they may have slightly irregular topography. These contacts represent continual, uninterrupted deposition and accumulation of sedimentary rocks, or represent lava flows. [6]

A conformable contact can be abrupt, where the contact separates beds of distinct lithology. Abrupt contacts coincide with bedding planes and represent a change in depositional environment, but with only a minor hiatus in deposition with no significant erosion. A brief hiatus without erosion is known as a diastem . [4]

Gradational contacts occur where the change in depositional environment takes place over a longer period of time. They are further divided into progressive gradual contacts where the change in lithology is more or less continuous, or intercalated contacts where thin beds of a new lithology appear at the base of the contact zone, become thicker upwards, and completely replaced the old lithology at the top of the contact zone. [4]

Closely related to intercalated contacts is interfingering (also known as intertonguing, [7] interdigitating, or interlocking [8] ) of laterally adjacent sedimentary rock bodies. Here the contact breaks down into a series of wedges or tongues that penetrate the adjacent rock body and pinch out individually. These record fluctuations in the location of the boundary between different depositional environments where sediments were simultaneously being laid down. [8]

Non-conformable

Unconformities are gaps in the geologic record within a stratigraphic unit. These gaps can be caused by periods of non-deposition or by erosion. [3] As a result, two adjacent rock units may have significantly different ages.

Intrusive

Intrusive dike with chilled margins, near Terrace Bay, Ontario, Canada Intrusive dike..jpg
Intrusive dike with chilled margins, near Terrace Bay, Ontario, Canada

Intrusive contacts are the surfaces between host (or country) rock and an intrusive magmatic body. [3] The older country rock is crosscut by a younger magmatic body. The nature of the intruding body depends on its composition and depth. Common examples are igneous dikes, sills, plutons, and batholiths. Depending on the composition of the magma, the intrusive body may have a complex internal structure which can provide insight into its emplacement.

The country rock responds to the immense heat from the intruding body in numerous ways. Chill margins are created if the magma is cooled too quickly to fully crystallise. The result is a distinct boundary of very fine grain igneous rock along the border of the country rock. [3] The surrounding rock may be "baked" through contact metamorphism, resulting in non-foliated metamorphic rocks. [1] Rocks that were originally limestone, quartz sandstone, and shale become marble, quartzite, and hornfels, respectively.[ citation needed ]

Fault

Fault and shear zone contacts can be represented by either discrete breaks and discontinuities, or ductile deformation without a physical break in stratigraphy. [9] Fault surface contacts show discrete breaks and have an attitude and position which describes the contact between two formations. [3] These fault surfaces can be polished into slickensided surfaces which depict striations in the direction of the fault movement. [3] Shear zones are different as there is no physical break displayed, but there is displacement. [1]

Significance and application

Cross-cutting relationships between contacts and formations can be used to determine the geological history of an area. Events are in order, from oldest to youngest, A to F. Bd2i.png
Cross-cutting relationships between contacts and formations can be used to determine the geological history of an area. Events are in order, from oldest to youngest, A to F.

Identifying and understanding the relationship between contacts is important in determining relative ages of rocks and formations. [6] Contacts are a key feature used to create geological maps. Cross-cutting relationships of these contacts can be used to determine the relative geological history of an area or of an outcrop.

Important geological contacts

The golden spikes on geologic timescales represent internationally agreed upon references for the boundaries of the stages in the geologic timescale. These contacts have been identified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and they are known as GSSPs, or global boundary stratotype section and points. Some of these boundary points are at physical locations, while others are in ice drill core sections, or have been defined chronometrically.

The GSSP for the Danian Stage marks the end of the Cretaceous and the beginning of the Paleocene Series. [10] Located in Tunisia, the contact is described as a reddish layer at the base of a dark clay layer. This reddish layer is the Iridium Anomaly, representative of the fallout of the major impact that resulted in the mass extinction event that ended the Cretaceous.

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sedimentary rock</span> Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metamorphism</span> Change of minerals in pre-existing rocks without melting into liquid magma

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithology</span> Description of the physical characteristics of a rock unit

The lithology of a rock unit is a description of its physical characteristics visible at outcrop, in hand or core samples, or with low magnification microscopy. Physical characteristics include colour, texture, grain size, and composition. Lithology may refer to either a detailed description of these characteristics, or a summary of the gross physical character of a rock. Examples of lithologies in the second sense include sandstone, slate, basalt, or limestone.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sill (geology)</span> Tabular intrusion between older layers of rock

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References

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  2. Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 400–406. ISBN   0131547283.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Davis, G.H.; Reynolds, S.J.; Kluth, C.F. (2011). Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions, 3rd ed. New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 21–29. ISBN   9780471152316 . Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 Boggs 2006, p. 401
  5. Davis and Kluth 2011, p.21
  6. 1 2 "Geologic Contacts" (PDF). University of Western Ontario. 2005.
  7. Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Intertonguing". Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN   0922152349.
  8. 1 2 Allaby, Michael (2013). "Interdigitating". A dictionary of geology and earth sciences (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199653065.
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  10. "GSSP for Danian Stage". Stratigraphy.org.