Conversion (word formation)

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In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation or null derivation, is a kind of word formation involving the creation of a word (of a new part of speech) from an existing word (of a different part of speech) without any change in form, [1] which is to say, derivation using only zero. For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green.

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Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English; much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (for example, the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean).

Verbification

Verbification, or verbing, is the creation of a verb from a noun, adjective or other word.

In English

In English, verbification typically involves simple conversion of a non-verb to a verb. The verbs to verbify and to verb, the first by derivation with an affix and the second by zero derivation, are themselves products of verbification (see autological word), and, as might be guessed, the term to verb is often used more specifically, to refer only to verbification that does not involve a change in form. (Verbing in that specific sense is therefore a kind of anthimeria.)

Many adjectives have become verbs, including adjectives based on Latin passive participles, such as "separate". Usually, at least now, there is a pronunciation difference between the adjective and the verb. (Later this was extended to forming verbs from Latin passive participles even if they were not used as adjectives.) [2] [3]

Examples of verbification in the English language number in the thousands, including some of the most common words such as mail and e-mail, strike, salt, pepper, switch, bed, sleep, ship, train, stop, drink, cup, lure, mutter, dress, dizzy, divorce, fool, merge, to be found throughout the dictionary. Thus, verbification is by no means confined to slang and has furnished English with countless new expressions: "access", as in "access the file", which was previously only a noun, as in "gain access to the file". Similar mainstream examples include "host", as in "host a party", and "chair", as in "chair the meeting". Other formations, such as "gift", are less widespread but still mainstream.

Verbification may have a bad reputation with some English users because it is such a potent source of neologisms. Although some neologism that are products of verbification may meet considerable opposition from prescriptivist authorities (the verb sense of impact is a well-known example), most such derivations have become so central to the language after several centuries of use that they no longer draw notice.

In many cases, the verbs were distinct from their noun counterparts in Old English, and regular sound change has made them the same form: these can be reanalysed as conversion.

A modern case of zero derivation in slang from popular culture might be seen in cringe , in the noun sense of "awkwardness, inducement of second-hand embarrassment".

In other languages

In Toki Pona, any content word may function as a noun, verb or adjective depending on syntax; for example, moku may mean food or to eat.

Noun conversion in English

Many English nouns are formed from unmodified verbs: a fisherman's catch, to go for a walk, etc. [4]

Humor

Verbification is sometimes used to create nonce words or joking words. Often, simple conversion is involved, as with formations like beer, as in beer me ("give me a beer") and eye, as in eye it ("look at it").[ clarification needed ] Sometimes, a verbified form can occur with a prepositional particle, e.g., sex as in sex it up ("make it sexier").

A Calvin and Hobbes strip dealing with this phenomenon concluded with the statement that "Verbing weirds language", [5] demonstrating the verbing of both verb and weird. (The former appears in its use as a gerund.)

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References

  1. ↑ Bauer, Hernández (2005). Approaches to Conversion / Zero-Derivation. Waxmann Münster. p. 131. ISBN   3830914563.
  2. ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary, entry -ate.
  3. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). 1989. p. 742.
  4. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary , 3rd edition, September 2009, s.v.
  5. ↑ Watterson, Bill (1993). Calvin and Hobbes January 25, 1993. "Calvin and Hobbes".
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