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The Qing dynasty,officially the Great Qing,was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty,proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636,seized control of Beijing in 1644,which is considered the start of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty lasted until 1912,when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In Chinese historiography,the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With over 426 million citizens in 1907,it was the most populous country in the world at the time.
The Forbidden City is the imperial palace complex in the center of the Imperial City in Beijing,China. It was the residence of 24 Ming and Qing dynasty Emperors,and the center of political power in China for over 500 years from 1420 to 1924. The palace is now administered by the Palace Museum. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site,it is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. The Forbidden City is arguably the most famous palace in all of Chinese history,and is the largest preserved royal palace complex still standing in the world.
The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy. The concept of choosing bureaucrats by merit rather than by birth started early in Chinese history,but using written examinations as a tool of selection started in earnest during the Sui dynasty (581–618),then into the Tang dynasty (618–907). The system became dominant during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and lasted for almost a millennium until its abolition during the late Qing dynasty reforms in 1905. Aspects of the imperial examination still exist for entry into the civil service of both China and Taiwan.
The nine-rank system,also known as the nine-grade controller system,was used to categorize and classify government officials in Imperial China. Created in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms,it was used until the Song dynasty,and similar ranking systems were also present in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty.
Futou,also known as fu (幞) and toujin (頭巾),was one of the most important forms of Chinese headwear in ancient China with a history of more than one thousand years. The futou first appeared in Northern Zhou under the reign of Emperor Wu where it became prevalent. It was also commonly worn in the Tang and Song dynasties. The futou was typically worn by government officials. The futou was originally turban-like headwear which was tied at the back of its wearer's head,with the two corners going to opposite directions and acting as decorations. From the Sui to the Ming dynasties,the futou evolved and was developed based on the fujin. The futou eventually came to assume a variety of shapes and styles. The shape of the futou worn by the government officials in the Song and Ming dynasties,the latter known as the wushamao (烏紗帽),was based on the futou of the Tang dynasty.
The Censorate was a high-level supervisory agency in Imperial China,first established during the Qin dynasty. It was a highly effective agency during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644),the Censorate was a branch of the centralized bureaucracy,paralleling the Six Ministries and the five Chief Military Commissions,and was directly responsible to the emperor. The investigating censors were "the eyes and ears" of the emperor and checked administrators at each level to prevent corruption and malfeasance,a common feature of that period. Popular stories told of righteous censors revealing corruption as well as censors who accepted bribes. Generally speaking,they were feared and disliked,and had to move around constantly to perform their duties.
The Zhongshu Sheng,also known as the Palace Secretariat or Central Secretariat,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure in imperial China from the Cao Wei (220–266) until the early Ming dynasty. As one of the Three Departments,the Zhongshu Sheng was primarily a policy-formulating agency responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees,but its actual function varied at different times. The department traces its origins back to the Han dynasty.
The Three Departments and Six Ministries system was the primary administrative structure in imperial China from the Sui dynasty (581–618) to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It was also used by Balhae (698–926) and Goryeo (918–1392) and various other kingdoms in Manchuria,Korea and Vietnam.
The Three Lords and Nine Ministers system was a central administrative system adopted in ancient China that was officially instituted in the Qin dynasty and was replaced by the Three Departments and Six Ministries system since the Sui dynasty.
The Yuan dynasty,officially the Great Yuan,was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai,the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the Borjigin clan,and lasted from 1271 to 1368. In Chinese history,the Yuan dynasty followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty.
Zhu Zhifan was a member of the Ming dynasty's imperial family. He held the title Prince of Anhua (安化王) from 1492 until 1510;his major power was in central Shaanxi.
The Imperial Preceptor,or Dishi,was a high title and powerful post created by Kublai Khan,founder of the Yuan dynasty. It was established as part of Mongol patronage of Tibetan Buddhism and the Yuan administrative rule of Tibet.
The Shangshu Sheng,sometimes translated as the Department of State Affairs or the Imperial Secretariat,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure. It was the primary executive institution of imperial China,head of the Six Ministries,the Nine Courts,and the Three Directorates. The Six Ministries consisted of the Ministry of Personnel,the Ministry of Revenue,the Ministry of Rites,the Ministry of War,the Ministry of Justice,and the Ministry of Works. The Department of State of Affairs existed in one form or another from the Han dynasty until the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368),but was never re-established in the following Ming dynasty.
The Menxia Sheng,sometimes translated as the Chancellery,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure of imperial China. It advised the emperor and the Zhongshu Sheng,and reviewed edicts and commands. As the least important of the three departments,it existed in name only by the Song dynasty while its functions were delegated to the other two departments. In 1129,the Chancellery was merged with the Central Secretariat.
Secretariat-Chancellery was a central government department in several dynasties in imperial China and Korea. It was created in the Tang dynasty by combining the Secretariat and the Chancellery. It was a particularly important office in late Tang,the Song dynasty,and Goryeo.
The Court of the Imperial Stud,also known as the Court of the Imperial Stables,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of managing state horse pasturage,stables and corrals,as well as maintaining the vehicles for use by the imperial household and members of the central government. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Court of Imperial Sacrifices,also known as the Court of Sacrificial Worship,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of conducting major state sacrificial ceremonies according to ritual regulations. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Court of Judicature and Revision,also known as the Court of Judicial Review,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese. From the Chinese,the system was also studied and implemented by Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of reviewing judicial proceedings at all administrative levels and singling out the cases for a retrial by court officials or the emperor himself. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was adopted by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
Jisün,also known as zhisunfu or Zhisun,zhixun,jixun,zhama or Jisun,was a very important male Mongol garment during the Yuan dynasty. They were also known as Mongol "robes of honour" (khil'at). The zhisun was a form of ceremonial clothing,which was worn during the jisün banquets,which were the most important ceremony of the Yuan dynasty court. The zhisun were made of textile woven with gold and silk of one colour. In China,the zhisun was introduced during the Yuan dynasty and was inherited by the Han Chinese during the Ming dynasty. In both the Yuan and Ming dynasty,the zhisun is a single-coloured court robe. The zhisun is a type of Mongol terlig.
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between the Han and Manchus with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties,the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions,each having nine grades or ranks,each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a grand secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector,deputy jail warden,deputy police commissioner,or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant,corporal or a first or second class private.
References
- Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 288.
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