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The Qing dynasty,officially the Great Qing,was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty,proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636,seized control of Beijing in 1644,which is considered the start of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty lasted until 1912,when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In Chinese historiography,the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With over 426 million citizens in 1907,it was the most populous country in the world at the time.
The Ming dynasty,officially the Great Ming,was an imperial dynasty of China,ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Han people,the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng,numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
The Tang dynasty,or the Tang Empire,was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907,with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization,and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory,acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers,rivaled that of the Han dynasty.
The Forbidden City is a palace complex in Dongcheng District,Beijing,China,at the center of the Imperial City of Beijing. It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples including the 22 ha (54-acre) Zhongshan Park,the sacrificial Imperial Ancestral Temple,the 69 ha (171-acre) Beihai Park,and the 23 ha (57-acre) Jingshan Park. It is officially administered by the Palace Museum.
The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy. The concept of choosing bureaucrats by merit rather than by birth started early in Chinese history,but using written examinations as a tool of selection started in earnest during the Sui dynasty (581–618) then into the Tang dynasty of 618–907. The system became dominant during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and lasted for almost a millennium until its abolition during the late Qing dynasty reforms in 1905. Aspects of the imperial examination still exist for entry into the civil service of contemporary China,in both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC).
The nine-rank system,also known as the nine-grade controller system,was used to categorize and classify government officials in Imperial China. Created in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms,it was used until the Song dynasty,and similar ranking systems were also present in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty.
Futou,also known as fu (幞) and toujin (頭巾),was one of the most important forms of Chinese headwear in ancient China with a history of more than one thousand years. The futou first appeared in Northern Zhou under the reign of Emperor Wu where it became prevalent. It was also commonly worn in the Tang and Song dynasties. The futou was typically worn by government officials. The futou was originally turban-like headwear which was tied at the back of its wearer's head,with the two corners going to opposite directions and acting as decorations. From the Sui to the Ming dynasties,the futou evolved and was developed based on the fujin. The futou eventually came to assume a variety of shapes and styles. The shape of the futou worn by the government officials in the Song and Ming dynasties,the latter known as the wushamao (烏紗帽),was based on the futou of the Tang dynasty.
The Zhongshu Sheng,also known as the Palace Secretariat or Central Secretariat,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure in imperial China from Cao Wei (220–266) until the early Ming dynasty. As one of the Three Departments,the Zhongshu Sheng was primarily a policy-formulating agency responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees,but its actual function varied at different times. The department traces its origins back to the Han dynasty.
The Three Departments and Six Ministries system was the primary administrative structure in imperial China from the Sui dynasty (581–618) to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It was also used by Balhae (698–926) and Goryeo (918–1392) and various other kingdoms in Manchuria,Korea and Vietnam.
The Three Lords and Nine Ministers system was a central administrative system adopted in ancient China that was officially instituted in the Qin dynasty and was replaced by the Three Departments and Six Ministries system since the Sui dynasty.
The Yuan dynasty,officially the Great Yuan,was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai,the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire from the Borjigin clan,and lasted from 1271 to 1368. In Chinese history,the Yuan dynasty followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty.
Zhu Zhifan was a member of the Ming dynasty's imperial family. He held the title Prince of Anhua (安化王) from 1492 until 1510;his major power was in central Shaanxi.
The Imperial Preceptor,or Dishi,was a high title and powerful post created by Kublai Khan,founder of the Yuan dynasty. It was established as part of Mongol patronage of Tibetan Buddhism and the Yuan administrative rule of Tibet.
The Shangshu Sheng,sometimes translated as the Department of State Affairs or the Imperial Secretariat,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure. It was the primary executive institution of imperial China,head of the Six Ministries,the Nine Courts,and the Three Directorates. The Six Ministries consisted of the Ministry of Personnel,the Ministry of Revenue,the Ministry of Rites,the Ministry of War,the Ministry of Justice,and the Ministry of Works. The Department of State of Affairs existed in one form or another from the Han dynasty until the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368),but was never re-established in the following Ming dynasty.
The Menxia Sheng,sometimes translated as the Chancellery,was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure of imperial China. It advised the emperor and the Zhongshu Sheng,and reviewed edicts and commands. As the least important of the three departments,it existed in name only by the Song dynasty while its functions were delegated to the other two departments. In 1129,the Chancellery was merged with the Central Secretariat.
Secretariat-Chancellery was a central government department in several dynasties in imperial China and Korea. It was created in the Tang dynasty by combining the Secretariat and the Chancellery. It was a particularly important office in late Tang,the Song dynasty,and Goryeo.
The Court of the Imperial Stud,also known as the Court of the Imperial Stables,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of managing state horse pasturage,stables and corrals,as well as maintaining the vehicles for use by the imperial household and members of the central government. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Court of Imperial Sacrifices,also known as the Court of Sacrificial Worship,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of conducting major state sacrificial ceremonies according to ritual regulations. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Court of Judicature and Revision,also known as the Court of Judicial Review,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese. From the Chinese,the system was also studied and implemented by Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of reviewing judicial proceedings at all administrative levels and singling out the cases for a retrial by court officials or the emperor himself. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was adopted by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
Jisün,also known as zhisunfu or Zhisun,zhixun,jixun,zhama or Jisun,was a very important male Mongol garment during the Yuan dynasty. They were also known as Mongol "robes of honour" (khil'at). The zhisun was a form of ceremonial clothing,which was worn during the jisün banquets,which were the most important ceremony of the Yuan dynasty court. The zhisun were made of textile woven with gold and silk of one colour. In China,the zhisun was introduced during the Yuan dynasty and was inherited by the Han Chinese during the Ming dynasty. In both the Yuan and Ming dynasty,the zhisun is a single-coloured court robe. The zhisun is a type of Mongol terlig.
References
- Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 288.
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