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In chemistry, a polyoxometalate is a polyatomic ion, usually an anion, that consists of three or more transition metal oxyanions linked together by shared oxygen atoms to form closed 3-dimensional frameworks. The metal atoms are usually group 6 or less commonly group 5 and group 7 transition metals in their high oxidation states. Polyoxometalates are often colorless, orange or red diamagnetic anions. Two broad families are recognized, isopolymetalates, composed of only one kind of metal and oxide, and heteropolymetalates, composed of one metal, oxide, and a main group oxyanion. Many exceptions to these general statements exist.
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that biomimics the natural process of photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen. The term artificial photosynthesis is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel. Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen and oxygen and is a major research topic of artificial photosynthesis. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction is another process studied that replicates natural carbon fixation.
Water splitting is the chemical reaction in which water is broken down into oxygen and hydrogen:
Silicotungstic acid or tungstosilicic acid is a heteropoly acid with the chemical formula H4[SiW12O40]. It forms hydrates H4[SiW12O40]·nH2O. In freshly prepared samples, n is approximately 29, but after prolonged desiccation, n = 6. It is a white solid although impure samples appear yellow. It is used as a catalyst in the chemical industry.
In chemistry, the heteropolymetalates are a subset of the polyoxometalates, which consist of three or more transition metal oxyanions linked together by shared oxygen atoms to form a closed 3-dimensional molecular framework. In contrast to isopolymetalates, which contain only one kind of metal atom, the heteropolymetalates contain differing main group oxyanions. The metal atoms are usually group 6 or less commonly group 5 transition metals in their highest oxidation states. They are usually colorless to orange, diamagnetic anions. For most heteropolymetalates the W, Mo, or V, is complemented by main group oxyanions phosphate and silicate. Many exceptions to these general statements exist, and the class of compounds includes hundreds of examples.
Achim Müller is a German chemist. He is Professor Emeritus at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld.
Robert Howard Crabtree is a British-American chemist. He is serving as Conkey P. Whitehead Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Yale University in the United States. He is a naturalized citizen of the United States. Crabtree is particularly known for his work on "Crabtree's catalyst" for hydrogenations, and his textbook on organometallic chemistry.
Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.
Daniel George Nocera is an American chemist, currently the Patterson Rockwood Professor of Energy in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2006 he was described as a "major force in the field of inorganic photochemistry and photophysics". Time magazine included him in its 2009 list of the 100 most influential people.
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Ulrich "Uli" Kortz is a German chemist and professor, working in the area of synthetic polyoxometalate chemistry.
The OxFA process is a process to produce formic acid from biomass by catalytic oxidation using molecular oxygen or air. Polyoxometalates of the Keggin-type are used as catalysts.
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Karen Ila Goldberg is an American chemist, currently the Vagelos Professor of Energy Research at University of Pennsylvania. Goldberg is most known for her work in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. Her most recent research focuses on catalysis, particularly on developing catalysts for oxidation, as well as the synthesis and activation of molecular oxygen. In 2018, Goldberg was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
Water oxidation catalysis (WOC) is the acceleration (catalysis) of the conversion of water into oxygen and protons:
Jenny Yue-fon Yang is an American chemist. She is a Professor of chemistry at the University of California, Irvine where she leads a research group focused on inorganic chemistry, catalysis, and solar fuels.
The Bionic Leaf is a biomimetic system that gathers solar energy via photovoltaic cells that can be stored or used in a number of different functions. Bionic leaves can be composed of both synthetic and organic materials (bacteria), or solely made of synthetic materials. The Bionic Leaf has the potential to be implemented in communities, such as urbanized areas to provide clean air as well as providing needed clean energy.
Steven L. Suib is an American inorganic chemist, academic and researcher. He is a Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at University of Connecticut. He is a director of the Institute of Materials Science and of the Center for Advanced Microscopy and Materials Analysis.
Stafford W. Sheehan is an American scientist and entrepreneur, a co-founder and chief technology officer of Air Company. He developed a heterogeneous catalysis process to convert carbon dioxide into ethanol that his company has used to produce vodka and other consumer products as well as jet fuel.
References
- Weinstock, I. A.; Barbuzzi, E.M.G.; Wemple, M.W.; Cowan, J. J.; Reiner, R. S.; Sonnen, D. M.; Heintz, R. A.; Bond, J. S.; Hill, C. L. “Equilibrating metal oxide cluster ensembles for oxidation reactions using oxygen in water” Nature, 2001, 414, 191-195.
- Hill, C. L. Polyoxometalates: Reactivity” Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II: From Biology to Nanotechnology, Elsevier: Amsterdam; Volume 4; Wedd, A. G.; Ed., 2004; pp. 679–759.
- Geletii, Y. V.; Botar, B.; Kögerler, P.; Hillesheim, D. A.; Musaev, D. G.; Hill, C. L. “An all-inorganic, stable and highly active tetra-ruthenium homogeneous catalyst for water oxidation” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3896-3899.
